Uk (Cyrillic)

Cyrillic letter Uk
Numeric value: 400
The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
АБВГҐДЂ
ЃЕЀЁЄЖЗ
З́ЅИЍІЇЙ
ЈКЛЉМНЊ
ОПРСС́ТЋ
ЌУЎФХЦЧ
ЏШЩЪЫЬЭ
ЮЯ
Non-Slavic letters
ӐА̄А̊А̃ӒӒ̄Ә
Ә́Ә̃ӚӔҒГ̧Г̑
Г̄ҔӺӶԀԂ
ԪԬӖЕ̄Е̃
Ё̄Є̈ӁҖӜԄ
ҘӞԐԐ̈ӠԆӢ
И̃ҊӤҚӃҠҞ
ҜԞԚӅԮԒԠ
ԈԔӍӉҢԨӇ
ҤԢԊО̆О̃О̄Ӧ
ӨӨ̄ӪҨԤҦР̌
ҎԖҪԌҬ
ԎУ̃ӮӰӰ́Ӳ
ҮҮ́ҰХ̑ҲӼӾ
ҺҺ̈ԦҴҶ
ӴӋҸҼ
ҾЫ̆Ы̄ӸҌЭ̆Э̄
Э̇ӬӬ́Ӭ̄Ю̆Ю̈Ю̈́
Ю̄Я̆Я̄Я̈ԘԜӀ
Archaic letters
ҀѺ
ОУѠѼѾ
ѢѤѦ
ѪѨѬѮ
ѰѲѴѶ

Uk ѹ; italics: Ѹ ѹ) is a digraph of the early Cyrillic alphabet, although commonly considered and used as a single letter. It is a combination of the Cyrillic letters О and У or less frequently O and Ѵ. To save space, it was often written as a vertical ligature (Ꙋ ꙋ), called "monograph Uk". In modern times, оу has been replaced by the simple у.

Borrowing from Greek

Both the horizontal and the vertical digraph were borrowed from the Greek alphabet. The Greek ligature Ou (Ȣ ȣ) is frequently found in Greek medieval manuscripts and in some modern editions of classical texts. Modern Greek still uses ου (omicron-upsilon) for /u/ but rarely uses the vertical ligature.

Development of the use of Uk in Old East Slavic

Uk (Monogram)

The simplification of the digraph оу to у was first brought about in Old East Slavic texts and only later taken over into South Slavic languages.

One can see this development in the Novgorod birch-bark letters: The degree to which this letter was used here differed in two positions: in word-initial position or before a vowel (except for the jers), and after a consonant.

Before a consonant, оу was used 89% of the time in the writings before 1100. By 1200, it was used 61% of the time, with the letter у used 14% of the time; by 1300, оу had reached 28%, surpassed by у at 45%. From the late 14th century on, there are no more instances of оу being used in this position, with у appearing 95% of the time.

The decrease in usage was more gradual after a consonant. Although there are no instances of the use of у in this position before c. 1200, оу gradually decreased from 88% before 1100 to 57% by 1200. The frequency of оу remained steady between 47% and 44% until 1400, when it experienced another decrease to 32%. Meanwhile, the use of у increased from 4% in the early 13th century, to 20% by the mid-13th century, 38% by the mid 14th century, and 58% by the early 15th century.[1]

Representation on computers

The letter Uk was first represented in Unicode 1.1.0 as U+0478 and 0479, CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER UK ѹ). It was later recognized that the glyph to be used for the letter had not been adequately specified, and it had been represented as either a digraph or monograph letter in different released fonts. There was also the difficulty that in written texts the letter may appear in lowercase (оу), uppercase (Оу), or in all caps (ОУ), which was not allowed for.

To resolve this ambiguity, Unicode 5.1 has deprecated the use of the original code points, introduced U+A64A and A64B, CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK (Ꙋ ꙋ), and recommends composing the digraph with two individual characters о+у .[2]

Unicode 9.0 has also introduced U+1C82 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O which can also be used for composing the digraph form (+у) and U+1C88 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK (ᲈ) as a variant of monograph form.[3][4]

However, the recommended method may cause some text representation problems. The letter У did not originally appear alone in the Old Church Slavonic orthography, and thus its code point was replaced in different Old Slavonic computer fonts with digraph or monograph forms of the Uk or with the tailed form of Izhitsa. Tailed Izhitsa may be used as a part of the digraph, but using the shape of the monograph Uk as a part of the digraph Uk (оꙋ) is incorrect.

The minuscule monograph Uk was used in the Romanian Transitional Alphabet to represent /u/, but due to font restrictions, the Ȣ ligature or Latin gamma are occasionally used instead.

Computing codes

Character О о У у
Unicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 1054 U+041E 1086 U+043E 7298 U+1C82 1059 U+0423 1091 U+0443
UTF-8 208 158 D0 9E 208 190 D0 BE 225 178 130 E1 B2 82 208 163 D0 A3 209 131 D1 83
Numeric character reference О О о о ᲂ ᲂ У У у у
Character Ѹ ѹ
Unicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UK CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UK CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER
MONOGRAPH UK
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER
MONOGRAPH UK
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER
UNBLENDED UK
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 1144 U+0478 1145 U+0479 42570 U+A64A 42571 U+A64B 7304 U+1C88
UTF-8 209 184 D1 B8 209 185 D1 B9 234 153 138 EA 99 8A 234 153 139 EA 99 8B 225 178 136 E1 B2 88
Numeric character reference Ѹ Ѹ ѹ ѹ Ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ ꙋ ᲈ ᲈ

References

  1. Zaliznyak, Andrey. Drevnenovgorodskij dialekt. -- Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskoj kul'tury, 2004. -- P. 28-31.
  2. Everson, Michael; et al. (2007). "Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS" (application/pdf).
  3. "Cyrillic Extended-C: Range: 1C80–1C8F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 9.0. 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  4. "Church Slavonic Typography in Unicode" (PDF). Aleksandr Andreev, Yuri Shardt, Nikita Simmons. 2015. p. 13–15. Retrieved 2016-07-15.

Further reading

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