1894 Istanbul earthquake

1894 Istanbul earthquake
Date 10 July 1894 (1894-07-10)
Magnitude 7.0 Ms
Epicenter 40°44′N 29°15′E / 40.73°N 29.25°E / 40.73; 29.25Coordinates: 40°44′N 29°15′E / 40.73°N 29.25°E / 40.73; 29.25[1]
Areas affected Ottoman Empire
Max. intensity IX (Violent)
Casualties At least 1,349[2]

The 1894 Istanbul earthquake occurred in the Çınarcık basin or Gulf of Izmit in the Sea of Marmara on 10 July at 12:24pm. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale.[3] At least an estimated 1,349 people were killed in towns around the Gulf of Izmit such as Yalova, Sapanca and Adapazarı, and in the nearby city of Istanbul.[2] The main shock caused a tsunami 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high.

Background

An 1894 xylograph showing damage to the Wall of Constantine, in Istanbul, following the July 10, 1894, earthquake in Istanbul. Printed originally in Science Illustré, 25 August 1894, p 193.

The Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin formed at a releasing bend in the North Anatolian Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault. This local zone of extension occurs where this transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate steps northwards to the west of Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. The pattern of faults within the Sea of Marmara basin is complex but near Istanbul there is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends west-east and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW-SE trending and show evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion.[4] Movement on the Gulf of Izmit section of the fault, which bounds the Çınarcık Basin, is the most likely cause of the 1894 event.[3] Other possible causes are movement on the Prince's Islands segment of the fault (to the west of the Gulf of Izmit), and movement on a normal fault in the Çinarcik basin, separate from the North Anatolian Fault.

Damage

The earthquake is estimated to have generated shaking with a modified Mercalli intensity of 9 at Sapanca, 8.5 at Yalova, and 8 at Adapazarı, Büyükçekmece, Gebze, Kartal, Küçükçekmece and on the Prince's Islands. The quake killed 990 people in the area around Yalova and Sapanca, 83 in Adapazarı and 276 in Istanbul.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Parsons, Tom (2004). "Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (B05304). doi:10.1029/2003JB002667.
  2. 1 2 3 King, Geoffrey C.P.; Hubert-Ferrari, Aurélia; Nalbant, Süleyman S.; Meyer, Bertrand; Armijoa, Rolando; Bowman, David (2001). "Coulomb interactions and the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Sciences. 333: 557–569.
  3. 1 2 Ambraseys, N. (January 2001). "The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999". Journal of Seismology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 5 (1): 117–128. doi:10.1023/A:1009871605267. ISSN 1573-157X.
  4. ↑ Armijo, R.; Meyer B.; Navarro S.; King G. & Narka A. (2002). "Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault?" (PDF). Terra Nova. 14 (2): 80–86. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
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