2/27th Battalion (Australia)

2/27th Battalion
Troops from the 2/27th at Hammana, Lebanon on 2 September 1941, including their commander, Lieutenant Colonel Murray Moten and Major General Arthur Allen
Active	1940–46
Country	Australia
Branch	Army
Type	Infantry
Size	~800–900 men[Note 1]
Part of	21st Brigade, 7th Division
Engagements	World War II North Africa Campaign Syria–Lebanon Campaign New Guinea Campaign Borneo Campaign
Insignia
Unit Colour Patch

The 2/27th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during the World War II. Raised in May 1940 as part of the 7th Division from volunteers from the state of South Australia, the battalion was assigned to the 21st Brigade. After completing training in Australia, the 2/27th deployed to the Middle East in November 1940, and in early 1941 undertook defensive duties in the Western Desert. The battalion's first combat experience came against the Vichy French during the short Syria–Lebanon campaign during which it fought major engagements around Sidon and Damour. At the conclusion of the fighting, the battalion remained in the area as part of the Allied occupation force until early 1942 when it was returned to Australia to fight against the Japanese. From September 1942 until early 1943, the 2/27th took part in the Kokoda Track campaign and then the Battle of Buna–Gona, before being withdrawn to Australia where it was rebuilt. In August 1943, the 2/27th returned to New Guinea and subsequently took part in the Finisterre Range campaign, leading the 21st Brigade's effort to capture Shaggy Ridge, remaining there until early 1944. The battalion's final campaign of the war came in the final months of the conflict during the Borneo campaign when it took part in the landing at Balikpapan. Following a short stint on occupation duties in the Celebes Islands after the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded in Australia in early 1946.

History

Formation

The 2/27th Battalion^{[Note 2]} was raised as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) at Woodside Barracks, South Australia, on 7 May 1940. Along with the 2/14th and 2/16th Battalions, it was attached to the 21st Brigade, which formed part of the 7th Division,^[3] the second infantry division raised as part of the 2nd AIF.^[4] With an authorised strength of 910 men of all ranks,^[1] it was organised into four rifle companies designated 'A' to 'D' with a battalion headquarters, regimental aid post, and a headquarters company consisting of specialist signals, anti-aircraft, mortar, carrier, pioneer and administrative platoons.^[5][6]

The colours chosen for the battalion's Unit Colour Patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 27th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were brown over light blue, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.^[7] After undertaking rudimentary training, in October 1940 the battalion was moved by train to Melbourne, where it embarked for overseas. Sailing via India, the battalion arrived in Egypt in November, moving to Palestine for further training.^[3]

Syria and Lebanon

2/27th Battalion at bayonet practice in Palestine, December 1940

Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Murray Moten, after completing its training in Palestine, the 2/27th Battalion was moved to Egypt–Libya border in April 1941. There, along with the rest of the 21st Brigade, they undertook defensive duties, occupying defensive positions around Mersa Matruh and Maaten Bagush in anticipation of the German and Italian advance. The battalion remained there until April, and although they were not directly involved in ground combat, they experienced their first attacks by German aircraft. They were subsequently returned to Palestine ahead of its first combat assignment, the invasion of Syria and Lebanon, which began in early June.^[3] During the subsequent fighting against Vichy forces, the 2/27th took part in the drive up the Lebanon coast, taking part in several engagements including the Battle of Adloun on 11 June, the Battle of Miye-ou-miye on 13–14 June, the capture of Sidon on 15 June,^[8] and the Battle of Damour in early July.^[3] After five weeks of fighting an armistice was signed on 12 July.^[9] Following the surrender of Vichy forces, the unit undertook garrison duties as part of the Allied occupation force, remaining there until January 1942.^[3] At the end of the campaign, Moten was decorated and promoted;^[10] he was replaced as commander of the 2/27th by Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Cooper.^[11][12]

Following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941, the Australian government began pressing for some of the AIF forces in the Middle East to be returned to Australia, to help defend against the Japanese advance in the Pacific. In late January 1942, the 2/27th embarked from Egypt, and reached Australia in late March 1942, docking at Adelaide.^[3] Following a brief period of leave, the 21st Brigade concentrated in Queensland – the 2/27th being based around Caloundra – where, over the course of several months, they were prepared for deployment to the Pacific theatre.^[13]

New Guinea

A Company, 2/27th Battalion cross the Surinam River in the Ramu Valley, New Guinea, October 1943

In mid-August 1942, the 2/27th battalion was deployed to New Guinea, where the Japanese were threatening to capture Port Moresby, following a landing around Buna in July.^[3] After initially being kept back at Port Moresby in reserve as the Battle of Milne Bay was fought,^[14] in early September 1942, at the height of the Kokoda Track campaign, the 2/27th moved north towards the Kokoda Track, joining Brigadier Arnold Potts' Maroubra Force.^[15] Following delaying actions around Isurava, the Australians had been forced to withdraw further south along the track, and in an effort to stem the Japanese advance, on 6 September the 2/27th, as the freshest of the 21st Brigade's units, was committed to the fighting, taking up a defensive position at Mission Ridge, on the northern face of Brigade Hill. For the next two days, the battalion held off a frontal attack by a Japanese battalion, but as a result of flanking moves a withdrawal to Menari was ordered and the 2/14th and 2/16th Battalions withdrew, leaving their wounded with the 2/27th, who formed the brigade rearguard. After 'B' and 'C' Companies launched a brief, but successful local counterattack, the 2/27th was also able to break contact.^[16] With the Japanese pressing hard, Potts ordered a further withdrawal from Menari before the 2/27th arrived, effectively cutting it off from the rest of the brigade. For the next two weeks, the 2/27th fought through the jungle, carrying their wounded with them, to regain contact with supporting units, eventually linking up with them at Jawarere on 22 September.^[17][18] After this, the battalion, having suffered heavily from disease, was briefly withdrawn back to Port Moresby for rest at the end of the month. In late November, the 2/27th was recommitted to the fighting, taking part in the Battle of Buna–Gona, as the Japanese were pushed back from Kokoda towards their beachheads in the north. The fighting that followed severely depleted the battalion due to heavy casualties and tropical diseases and, as a result, in mid-January 1943 it was withdrawn back to Australia at which point its fighting strength had fallen to just 70 men.^[3]

Men of the 2/27th Battalion cross a valley in the Finisterre Ranges, New Guinea, 5 October 1943

In March 1943, Lieutenant Colonel John Bishop took over as commanding officer,^[19] and the battalion was rebuilt on the Atherton Tablelands, in Queensland, as part of preparations to make it ready for further operations in New Guinea.^[20] A period of rest and reorganisation followed, which saw the battalion's authorised strength fall to 803 men under the Jungle divisional establishment and the removal of many of its vehicles and heavy equipment as the Australian Army was restructured to focus upon operations in the Pacific.^[1] In August 1943, the 2/27th returned to New Guinea and subsequently took part in the Ramu Valley–Finisterre Range campaign, flying into Kaiapit before beginning its advance towards Dumpu in September.^[3] Advancing through the Ramu Valley towards the range, the 2/27th saw heavy fighting as the 21st Brigade led the 7th Division's efforts to capture the high ground around Shaggy Ridge. In mid-October, the 2/27th helped turned back a heavy Japanese counterattack around John's Knoll and Trevor's Ridge, before the 21st Brigade was relieved.^[21][22] Halfway through the campaign, Bishop was replaced as battalion commander by Lieutenant Colonel Keith Picken, and he subsequently led the battalion throughout the remainder of the war.^[23] By early January 1944, the 2/27th was withdrawn from the fighting and in March 1944 it returned to Australia.^[3]

Borneo and disbandment

A further period of training and reorganisation followed before the 2/27th returned to operations late in the war when it was dispatched to Borneo. As part of the Operation Oboe landings, the battalion took part in an amphibious landing at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945.^[3] Coming ashore at Klandasan, the 2/27th formed the spearhead of the 21st Brigade's assault, capturing several key features overlooking the beachhead before follow-on forces passed through them and carried forward the attack. On 3 July, the battalion began patrol operations from its base around Sepinggang, to provide flank protection for the 2/14th Battalion as the 21st Brigade advanced to Manggar airfield.^[24] Throughout the campaign, the battalion's casualties were light, and hostilities were short-lived as the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place only weeks after; after the initial landing, the battalion's main involvement in the campaign consisted largely of sub-unit patrol operations along the coast from Manggar. With the war over, the 2/27th was sent, along with the rest of the 21st Brigade, to Makassar in the Celebes Islands as part of the occupation force. They remained there until the beginning of February 1946.^[3]

After five years of war, the 2/27th battalion returned to Australia in February 1946. The battalion was disbanded in Brisbane, Queensland, on 18 March 1946, as part of the demobilisation process. During its war service, a total of 2,769 men served with the battalion^[25] of whom 268 were killed in action, while a further 607 were wounded.^[26] The following decorations were awarded to members of the 2/27th Battalion: two Distinguished Service Orders, three Military Crosses and one bar, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, 17 Military Medals, and 49 Mentions in Despatches.^[3]

Battle honours

The 2/27th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:

• North Africa, Syria 1941, The Litani, Sidon, Adlun, Damour, South-West Pacific 1942–45, Kokoda Trail, Efogi–Menari, Buna–Gona, Gona, Liberation of Australian New Guinea, Ramu Valley, Shaggy Ridge, Borneo 1945, Balikpapan.^[3]

In 1961–62, the battalion's battle honours were entrusted to the 27th Battalion, and through this link are maintained by the Royal South Australia Regiment.^[27]

Commanding officers

The following officers commanded the 2/27th Battalion:^[3][28]

• Lieutenant Colonel Murray Moten (1940–41)
• Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Cooper (1942)
• Lieutenant Colonel John Bishop (1943)
• Lieutenant Colonel Keith Picken (1943–45)

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

• Bradley, Phillip (2004). On Shaggy Ridge—The Australian Seventh Division in the Ramu Valley: From Kaiapit to the Finisterres. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555100-1. 
• Brune, Peter (2004). A Bastard of a Place: The Australians in Papua. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74114-403-1. 
• Dickens, Gordon (2005). Never Late: The 2/9th Australian Infantry Battalion 1939–1945. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 1-876439-47-5. 
• Dornan, Peter (1999). The Silent Men: Syria to Kokoda and on to Gona. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-991-X. 
• Festberg, Alfred (1972). The Lineage of the Australian Army. Melbourne, Victoria: Allara Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85887-024-6. 
• Johnston, Mark (2005). The Silent 7th: An Illustrated History of the 7th Australian Division 1940–46. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-191-5. 
• Keogh, Eustace (1965). South West Pacific 1941–45. Melbourne, Victoria: Grayflower Publications. OCLC 7185705. 
• Kuring, Ian (2004). Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1876439998. 
• Long, Gavin (1952). To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. I (1st ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 18400892. 
• Palazzo, Albert (2004). "Organising for Jungle Warfare". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey. The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Army History Unit. pp. 86–101. ISBN 978-0-646-43590-9. 
• Pratten, Garth (2009). Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-76345-2. 

Further reading

• Burns, John (1960). The Brown and Blue Diamond at War: The Story of the 2/27th Battalion A.I.F. Adelaide, South Australia: 2/27th Battalion Ex-servicemen's Association. OCLC 2104460.