400s (decade)

Events

Contents: 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409

400

By place

Roman Empire

• January 9 – Emperor Arcadius gives his wife Aelia Eudoxia the official title of Augusta. She is able to wear the purple paludamentum and is depicted in Roman currency.
• Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, is sent on an embassy to the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, to congratulate King Yazdegerd I on his accession the year before.^[1]
• A riot breaks out in Constantinople; the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, an ambitious Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city, but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag ad hoc fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service.
• Winter – Gainas leads the remaining Goths back to their homeland across the Danube. They meet the Huns and are defeated; the Hunnic chieftain Uldin sends the head of Gainas to Constantinople, where Arcadius receives it as a diplomatic gift.

Europe

• The Franks establish themselves in the North of the Netherlands.
• The Paeonians (Illyricum) lose their identity (approximate date).
• The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary.

Africa

• Construction at Great Zimbabwe begins (approximate date).

Asia

• Chrysanthemums are introduced into Japan (approximate date).
• Richū, the eldest son of Nintoku, becomes the 17th Emperor of Japan.

By topic

Art

• Resurrection and "Two Marys with Angel near the Empty Tomb", panel of a diptych, found in Rome, is made. It is now kept at Castello Sforzesco, Milan (approximate date).

Literature

• The Vergilius Vaticanus, an illuminated manuscript containing fragments of Virgil's Aeneid and Georgics, is made in Rome.
• The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are composed.^[2]

Medicine

• Caelius Aurelianus, Roman physician, is practising his work "De morbis acutis et chronicis" (Concerning Acute and Chronic Illness), a guide to acute and chronic diseases.

Physics

• Hypatia, Greek philosopher, distinguishes herself as one of the first women scientists, and becoming head of the Neo-Platonist school at Alexandria.

Religion

• The mausoleum of Galerius in Salonica (Greece) is converted into a church.
• Bishops from Gaza (Palestine) arrive at Constantinople to ask Arcadius that he close the pagan temple at Marneum.

401

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnish chieftain Uldin, in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns.
• Piracy is committed by slavetraders from Galatia (Turkey), along the coasts of Africa. The old Legio II Adiutrix, part of which had always been stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest), is divided into two comitatenses and shipped to Britannia.
• Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), leads his army in an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia (Switzerland).
• The Temple of Artemis near Selçuk in Ephesus is dismantled.
• November 18 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. Emperor Honorius moves his capital to the coastal city of Ravenna, which is protected by marshes and strong fortifications. Stilicho begins the process of reclaiming the city.

Black Sea

• The Chronicon Pachale (Paschal Chronicle) reports that the Black Sea is completely frozen.

China

• Kumarajiva, Kuchean Buddhist monk, arrives in Chang'an and begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese.

By topic

Religion

• December 19 – Pope Anastasius I dies at Rome after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by Innocent I as the 40th pope proclaiming his universal power over the whole of Christendom.
• The Mahabharata, an Indian Sanskrit epic, is finalised.

402

By place

Roman Empire

• The Visigoths advance on Mediolanum (modern Milan) and besiege Asti in Liguria. King Alaric I sends envoys to negotiate a peace, but the Roman government refuses to make deals with "barbarians."
• April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.
• Emperors Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius become Roman consuls.

Asia

• King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) defeats the forces of Later Yan, seizing some of their border fortresses.
• The Avars, led by Shelun (Chö-louen), having defeated the Gaoju Dingling (Kao-kiu Ting-ling) near Kobbo, establish a nomadic empire that ranges from Mongolia to the Irtysh.
• Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India, initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visit the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life.

By topic

Religion

• Jerome writes "Apologiae contra Rufinum" and "Liber tertius seu ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufini".
• The Pure Land school of Buddhism founds a monastery upon the top of Mount Lushan.
• Porphyry of Gaza orders the destruction of pagan temples in Gaza.

403

By place

Roman Empire

• June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.
• Emperor Honorius and Stilicho are honored with a triumphal march for the victories against the Goths and Vandals. This becomes the last victory celebrated in Rome.
• Theodosius II, age 2, becomes consul of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Asia

• Hui Yuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor.
• Asin of Baekje allies with Silla against Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea).

By topic

Religion

• The Synod of the Oak deposes and banishes John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, but shortly afterward he is recalled only to be banished again.

404

By place

Roman Empire

• January 1 – Last known gladiator fight in Rome. This date is usually given as the date of the martyrdom of Saint Telemachus, a Christian monk who was stoned by the crowd for trying to stop a gladiators' fight in a Roman amphitheatre.
• The dome in Ravenna is built by the entire population of the city.
• October 6 – Empress Eudoxia has her seventh and last pregnancy, which ends in a miscarriage. She is left bleeding and dies of an infection short after.

Asia

• Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) attacks Liaodong and takes the entire Liaodong Peninsula.
• The Chinese Buddhist monk Huiyuan, who founded the Pure Land Buddhism sect and the monastery on Mount Lushan, writes the book On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings in this year. In his book he argues that although the Buddhist clergy should remain independent and undisturbed by politics, the Buddhist laymen nonetheless make good subjects under monarchs, due to their fear of retribution of karma and desire to be reborn in paradise.

By topic

Religion

• Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.

405

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Honorius closes the Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) in an austerity move that abolishes amusements.
• Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), orders the Sibylline Books to be burned, according to the Roman poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.
• Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened.
• King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes.
• Flavius Aetius is sent as a child hostage at the court of Alaric I, king of the Visigoths.

Asia

• The Khitan are first mentioned in Chinese chronicles. They wander along the boundaries of Kara-muren, and form part of the Donghu (Tong-hou) confederation.

By topic

Arts and Sciences

• The Armenian alphabet is devised by Mesrop Mashtots.
• The Japanese court officially adopts the Chinese writing system (approximate date).
• Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, dies at age 70 (approximate), having been helped in his work by his daughter Hypatia.

Religion

• Jerome's Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin is completed by his translations of the Tanakh from the Hebrew language.
• In the Roman province of Africa, Augustine of Hippo opposes Donatism as a heresy.

406

By place

Roman Empire

• Radagaisus is forced to retreat into the hills of Fiesole. There he tries to escape, but is captured by the Romans.
• August 23 – Radagaisus is executed; 12,000 "barbarians" are incorporated into the Roman army or sold as slaves.
• Autumn – The remaining Roman legions in Britain decide to mutiny. The usurper Marcus is proclaimed emperor.
• The Vandals, led by Godigisel, are intercepted and defeated by the Franks under Marcomir. Godigisel is killed in battle and succeeded by his son Gunderic.
• December 31 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz), beginning an invasion of Gaul (traditional date, this may have occurred in 405).

Asia

• Faxian, Chinese traveler, arrives in India. He visits the major seats of Buddhist learning (Udyana, Peshawar, and Taxila).
• Hanzei succeeds his brother Richu, and becomes the 18th emperor of Japan.

By topic

Agriculture

• Cultivation of rye, oats, hops, and spelt (a wheat used for livestock feed) is introduced into Europe by the invading Vandals, Alans, and Scirii, who also introduce a heavy wheeled plow to be used for farming.

Religion

• Stained glass is used for the first time in churches in Rome.

407

By place

Roman Empire

• Gratian, Roman usurper, is installed as emperor after the death of Marcus. According to Orosius, he is a native Briton of urban aristocracy.
• Gratian is assassinated and Constantine III, a general (magister militum), declares himself Roman emperor. To extend his dominion over Gaul and Spain, he takes practically all the Roman garrisons from Britain and crosses the English Channel. Constantine occupies Arles and establishes tenuous authority over Gaul, sharing control with marauding "barbarians". This is generally seen as the beginning of Rome's withdrawal from Britain.
• End of Roman rule in Britain: After 360 years of occupation, the local regional British-Roman leaders raise their own levies for defence against Saxon sea rovers. They cultivate oysters, having learned the technique from the Romans.
• Gaul is invaded by Germanic Vandals and Suebi, and Alans.

China

• Liu Bobo (Xia Wuliedi) founds the state of Xia and claims the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang).

408

By place

Roman Empire

• May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent.
• Summer – Emperor Honorius marries Thermantia, second daughter of Stilicho, his famous general (magister militum).
• The Roman usurper Constantine III establishes his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of Caesar. He sends him with an expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the House of Theodosius, who are loyal to Honorius.
• August 22 – Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed; mass murders of Vandal soldiers follow.^[3]
• The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth, guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece.
• September – Alaric I, king of the Visigoths, crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet.
• Alaric also demands, and obtains, the freedom of 30,000 people who had been enslaved in Rome.
• The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis (modern Bulgaria). The Romans negotiate for peace, but Uldin demands an exorbitant gold tribute in return for his withdrawal. This demand is rejected and Anthemius forces the Huns back across the Danube.
• Attila, age 12, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Rome and in return, the Romans sent Flavius Aetius to the Huns.

Persia

• King Yazdegerd I of Persia maintains cordial relations with the Roman Empire. He becomes an executor of Arcadius' will and is entrusted with the care of the young Theodosius II until he comes of age.

By topic

Medicine

• Alaric I exacts a tribute from Rome that includes 3,000 pounds of pepper. The spice is valued for alleged medicinal virtues and for disguising spoilage in meat that is past its prime.

409

By place

Roman Empire

• Spring – Gerontius, Roman general (magister militum), who had been a partisan of Constantine III, revolts in Hispania. He elevates Maximus, his domesticus, as emperor.
• October 13 – The Vandals, led by king Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia (modern Portugal).
• The Visigothic king Alaric I lays siege to Rome a second time, bringing the inhabitants close to starvation. Emperor Honorius, safe in inaccessible Ravenna, refuses to negotiate for peace, despite repeated offers from Alaric. He comes to terms with the Senate and sets up a rival emperor, Priscus Attalus, prefect (praefectus urbi) of the city.
• Honorius agrees that sons of prominent families at court in Ravenna be sent beyond the Danube as hostages; in return, later he calls up ten thousand Hun mercenaries.^[4]
• Famine strikes Hispania, Gaul and the Italian Peninsula.

Asia

• Ming Yuan Di, age 17, succeeds Dao Wu di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei (see Northern dynasties).

Births

• Flavius Theodosius Iunior, better known as Theodosius II. Born in 401, he would eventually become a Byzantine emperor

Deaths

• Arcadius, Byzantine emperor. Died in 408.

References