Active listening

Active listening is a communication technique used in counseling, training, and conflict resolution. It requires that the listener fully concentrate, understand, respond and then remember what is being said.[1] This is opposed to reflective listening where the listener repeats back to the speaker what they have just heard to confirm understanding of both parties.

Comprehending

Comprehension is shared meaning between parties in a communication transaction. This is the first step in the listening process. The second challenge is being able to discern breaks

Retaining

Retaining is the second step in the listening process. Memory is essential to the listening process because the information retained when a person is involved in the listening process is how meaning from words is created. Because everyone has different memories, the speaker and the listener may attach different meanings to the same statement. However, memories are fallible, things like cramming may cause information to be forgotten.

Responding

Listening is an interaction between speaker and listener.[2] It adds action to a normally passive process.[2]

Tactic

Active listening involves the listener observing the speaker's behavior and body language.[3] Having the ability to interpret a person's body language lets the listener develop a more accurate understanding of the speaker's message.[4] Having heard, the listener may then paraphrase the speaker's words. It is important to note that the listener is not necessarily agreeing with the speaker—simply stating what was said.

Individuals in conflict often contradict each other. Ambushing occurs when one listens to someone else's argument for its weaknesses and ignore its strengths.[5] This may include a distortion of the speaker's argument to gain a competitive advantage. On the other hand, if one finds that the other party understands, an atmosphere of cooperation can be created.[6]

In the book Leader Effectiveness Training, Thomas Gordon, who coined the term "active listening,"[7] states "Active listening is certainly not complex. Listeners need only restate, in their own language, their impression of the expression of the sender. ... Still, learning to do Active Listening well is a rather difficult task ..."[8]

Use

Active listening is used in a wide variety of situations, including public interest advocacy, community organizing, tutoring,[9] medical workers talking to patients,[10] HIV counseling,[11] helping suicidal persons,[12] management,[13] counseling and journalistic settings. In groups it may aid in reaching consensus. It may also be used in casual conversation or small talk to build understanding, though this can be interpreted as condescending.

A listener can use several degrees of active listening, each resulting in a different quality of communication.

The proper use of active listening results in getting people to open up, avoiding misunderstandings, resolving conflict, and building trust.[14] In a medical context, benefits may include increased patient satisfaction,[10] improved cross-cultural communication,[15] improved outcomes,[10] or decreased litigation.[16]

Active listening can be lifted by the active listening observation scale.[17]

Barriers to active listening

Some barriers are due to hunger or fatigue of the listener, making them irritated and less inclined to listen to the speaker. Sometimes it is due to the language the speaker uses—such as high sounding and bombastic words that can lead to ambiguity. Other barriers include distractions, trigger words, vocabulary, and limited attention span.[18] Listening barriers may be psychological (e.g., emotions) or physical (e.g., noise and visual distraction).

Shift response

Shift response is the general tendency of a speaker in a conversation to affix attention to their position. This is a type of conversational narcissism—the tendency of listeners to turn the topic to themselves without showing sustained interest in others.[19] A support response is the opposite of a shift response; it is an attention giving method and a cooperative effort to focus the conversational attention on the other person. Instead of being me-oriented like shift response, it is we-oriented.[20] It is the response a competent communicator is most likely to use.[5]

Understanding of non-verbal cues

Ineffective listeners are unaware of non-verbal cues, though they dramatically affect how people listen. To a certain extent, it is also a perceptual barrier. Up to 93 percent of people's attitudes are formed by non-verbal cues. This should help one to avoid undue influence from non-verbal communication. In most cases, the listener does not understand the non-verbal cues the speaker uses. A person may show fingers to emphasize a point, but this may be perceived as an intent by the speaker to place their fingers in the listener's eyes. Overuse of non-verbal cues also creates distortion, and as a result listeners may be confused and forget the correct meaning.[21]

Overcoming listening barriers

To use the active listening technique to improve interpersonal communication, one puts personal emotions aside during the conversation, asks questions and paraphrases back to the speaker to clarify understanding, and one also tries to overcome all types of environment distractions. Judging or arguing prematurely is a result of holding onto a strict personal opinion.[22] This hinders the ability to be able to listen closely to what is being said. Eye contact and appropriate body languages are seen as important components to active listening. The stress and intonation may also keep them active and away from distractions.

Misconceptions about listening

There are several misconceptions about listening. We have no control over what we hear. Listening on the other hand is an active process that constructs meaning from both verbal and nonverbal messages.[5]

Active listening in music

Active Listening has been developed as a concept in music and technology by François Pachet, researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratory, Paris. Active listening in music refers to the idea that listeners can be given some degree of control on the music they listen to, by means of technological applications mainly based on artificial intelligence and information theory techniques, by opposition to traditional listening, in which the musical media is played passively by some neutral device [23][24][25]

Criticism

A Munich-based marital therapy study conducted by Dr. Kurt Hahlweg and associates found that even after employing active listening techniques in the context of couple's therapy, the typical couple was still distressed.[26] Active listening was criticized by John Gottman's The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work as being of limited usefulness: "Active listening asks couples to perform Olympic-level emotional gymnastics when their relationship can barely walk. . . . After studying some 650 couples and tracking the fate of their marriages for up to fourteen years, we now understand that this approach to counseling doesn't work, not just because it's nearly impossible for most couples to do well, but more importantly because successful conflict resolution isn't what makes marriages succeed. One of the most startling findings of our research is that most couples who have maintained happy marriages rarely do anything that even partly resembles active listening when they're upset."[27]

Robert F. Scuka defends active listening by arguing that "a careful reading of the Hahlweg et al. (1984) study reveals that Gottman cites only certain (one-sided) results from the study. He also overlooks several important considerations that call into question his implied dismissal of the RE model as a legitimate therapeutic intervention for distressed couples."[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Active Listening Presentation". 2014-07-11.
  2. 1 2 Worthington, Debra (2016). Listening: Processes, Functions and Competency. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9780132288545.
  3. ↑ Maley, Claude (2012). Project Management Concepts, Methods, and Techniques. CRC Press. p. 417. ISBN 978-1-4665-0288-8.
  4. ↑ Atwater, Eastwood (1981). I Hear You. Prentice-Hall. p. 83. ISBN 0-13-450684-7.
  5. 1 2 3 In the Company of Others: An Introduction to Communication. New York: Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 157–166. ISBN 0-19-533630-5. OCLC 276930486.
  6. ↑ Fisher, Roger; Ury, William (2012). Getting to Yes. Random House.
  7. ↑ Segal, Morley (1997). Points of influence: a guide to using personality theory at work. Jossey-Bass. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7879-0260-5.
  8. ↑ Gordon, Thomas (1977). Leader Effectiveness Training. New York: Wyden books. p. 57. ISBN 0-399-12888-3.
  9. ↑ Maudsley G (March 1999). "Roles and responsibilities of the problem based learning tutor in the undergraduate medical curriculum". BMJ. 318 (7184): 657–61. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7184.657. PMC 1115096Freely accessible. PMID 10066213.
  10. 1 2 3 Lang F, Floyd MR, Beine KL (2000). "Clues to patients' explanations and concerns about their illnesses. A call for active listening". Arch Fam Med. 9 (3): 222–7. doi:10.1001/archfami.9.3.222. PMID 10728107.
  11. ↑ Baxter P, Campbell T (August 7–12, 1994). "HIV counselling skills used by health care workers in Zambia (abstract no. PD0743)". Int Conf AIDS. 10 (390).
  12. ↑ Laflamme G (1996). "[Helping suicidal persons by active listening]". Infirm Que (in French). 3 (4): 35. PMID 9147668.
  13. ↑ Mineyama S, Tsutsumi A, Takao S, Nishiuchi K, Kawakami N (2007). "Supervisors' attitudes and skills for active listening with regard to working conditions and psychological stress reactions among subordinate workers". J Occup Health. 49 (2): 81–7. doi:10.1539/joh.49.81. PMID 17429164.
  14. ↑ "Active Listening". Inspiration. White Dove Books. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  15. ↑ Davidhizar R (2004). "Listening—a nursing strategy to transcend culture". J Pract Nurs. 54 (2): 22–4; quiz 26–7. PMID 15460343.
  16. ↑ Robertson K (2005). "Active listening: more than just paying attention". Aust Fam Physician. 34 (12): 1053–5. PMID 16333490.
  17. ↑ Fassaert T, van Dulmen S, Schellevis F, Bensing J (2007). "Active listening in medical consultations: development of the Active Listening Observation Scale (ALOS-global)". Patient Educ Couns. 68 (3): 258–64. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.06.011. PMID 17689042.
  18. ↑ Reed, Warren H. (1985). Positive listening: learning to hear what people are really saying. New York: F. Watts. ISBN 0-531-09583-5.
  19. ↑ Derber, C. (1979). The pursuit of attention: Power and individualism in everyday life. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 5.
  20. ↑ Vangelisti, A.; Knapp, M.; Daly, J. (1990). "Conversational narcissism". Communication Monographs. 57: 251–274. doi:10.1080/03637759009376202.
  21. ↑ Communication Skills ,Dr.Nageshwar Rao,Dr.Rajendra P.Das,Himalaya publishing House,2012,9789350516669,pg.64
  22. ↑ Lama, Dalai. "Top 3 Barriers to Effective Listening". People Communicating. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  23. ↑ François Pachet The Future of Content is in Ourselves. The Future of Content is in Ourselves. In M. Tokoro, editor, Open System Science, pages 133-158, IOS Press. 2010.
  24. ↑ François Pachet Active Listening: What is in the Air?.In Miranda, E., editor, Musica y Nuevas Tecnologias: Perspectivas para el Siglo XXI, L'Angelot. 1999.
  25. ↑ François Pachet Constraints for Multimedia Applications. Proceedings of PACLP 1999, London, March 1999. The Practical Application Company.
  26. ↑ Halhweg, K., Schindler, L., Revenstorf, D., & Brengelmann, J.C. (1984). The Munich Marital Therapy Study. In K. Hahlweg & N.S. Jacobson (Eds.), Marital Interaction: Analysis and Modification (pp. 3-26), New York: Guilford Press
  27. ↑ Gottman, John (16 May 2000). "Inside the Seattle Love Lab: The Truth about Happy Marriages". The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Harmony Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-609-80579-4.
  28. ↑ Scuka, Robert F. (28 May 2005). "The Munich Group Study". Relationship Enhancement Therapy.

Further reading

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