Alice Goffman

Alice Goffman
Born 1982 (age 33–34)[1]
Awards ASA Dissertation Award (2011)
Academic background
Alma mater University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University
Doctoral advisor Mitchell Duneier[2]
Academic work
Institutions University of Wisconsin–Madison
Main interests Urban sociology, Ethnography, Inequality[3]
Notable works On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City (2014)

Alice Goffman (born 1982) is an American sociologist, urban ethnographer, and assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[4]

Goffman became known because of scholarly controversies concerning her book On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City, an ethnographic account of the fieldwork for her PhD dissertation on the impact of mass incarceration and policing on low-income African-American urban communities.

Education

Goffman attended the Baldwin School in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.[5] She earned a BA at the University of Pennsylvania and a PhD at Princeton University, both in sociology.[3] Her doctoral dissertation committee was chaired by Mitchell Duneier and included Paul Dimaggio, Devah Pager, Cornel West, and Viviana Zelizer.[2]

Career

While earning her PhD at Princeton, Goffman co-taught undergraduate courses with Mitch Duneier as a Lloyd Cotsen Graduate Teaching Fellow.[6] In 2010, she was awarded a two-year fellowship at the University of Michigan as a Robert Wood Johnson Scholar.[7] Since the fall of 2012, Goffman has taught both undergraduate and graduate level courses as an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. At Madison, she established the Wisconsin Collective for Ethnographic Research with a colleague and serves on several committees. She currently serves as a reviewer and board member for several different sociological publications.[8][9]

In 2014, Goffman published On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City, an ethnographic account of her fieldwork on the impact of policing on the lives of young black men in West Philadelphia. Since the publication of On the Run, Goffman has delivered talks at dozens of colleges, universities and conferences. In March 2015 she gave a TED Talk titled "How we’re priming some kids for college – and others for prison."[10]

In 2015, she was accepted to the one-year fellowship program at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study.[11]

On the Run

On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City (University of Chicago Press, 2014, ISBN 9780226136714), began as a research project Goffman started as a second-year student at the University of Pennsylvania, when she immersed herself in a disadvantaged neighborhood of Philadelphia with African-American young men who were subject to a high level of surveillance and police activity.[12] Goffman continued working on this project as a graduate student at Princeton, eventually turning it into her doctoral thesis and book.[12] Issued in paperback in April 2015,[12] the book uses the experience of Goffman's subjects to illustrate how young, black men are treated and mistreated by police within the framework of the American criminal justice system, and how this reshapes the lives of families in America's poor, black neighborhoods.[13]

In the book’s introduction, Goffman highlights her central argument: "The sheer scope of policing and imprisonment in poor Black neighborhoods is transforming community life in ways that are deep and enduring, not only for the young men who are their targets but for their family members, partners, and neighbors."[14]

Initial critical reception

The book was reviewed positively by many eminent sociologists, including Howard Becker, Elijah Anderson, Carol Stack and Cornel West. West writes: "Alice Goffman's On the Run is the best treatment I know of the wretched underside of neo-liberal capitalist America. Despite the social misery and fragmented relations, she gives us a subtle analysis and poignant portrait of our fellow citizens who struggle to preserve their sanity and dignity."[12]

On the Run was also positively received outside of academia. The book was named by The New York Times as one of "100 notable books of 2014."[15] The New York Times Book Review also named it as an "Editor's Choice" selection in its edition of July 6, 2014.[16] In The New York Times, Alex Kotlowitz called it "a remarkable feat of reporting."[17] Writing in The New York Review of Books, Christopher Jencks predicted that the work will become "an ethnographic classic."[18]

The book continued to gain popularity following Goffman’s TED Talk, which has nearly 1 million views[10] and has been widely circulated online.[19] The TED Talk describes the consequences of incarceration and policing for marginalized young people, calling for an end to mass incarceration and highlighting the need for criminal justice reform in America.[10] Goffman’s argument that "tough on crime" policing has done more harm than good has resounded with many advocates for reform on social media.[20]

From the right, conservative law professor Amy Wax argued that "[Goffman] puts her finger on the wrong button. The force field that deforms 6th Street is not society’s effort to eradicate crime, but crime itself."[21] Heather Mac Donald, writing in City Journal, claimed that "Goffman’s own material demolishes [her own] thesis. ... Far from being the hapless victims of random “legal entanglements”—Goffman’s euphemism for the foreseeable consequences of lawless behavior—her subjects create their own predicaments through deliberate involvement in crime."[22]

On the left, Dwayne Betts in Slate criticized Goffman for ignoring the lives of quiet achievement lived by most young men in the neighborhood she studied in favor of an "unrelenting focus on criminality." [23] Christina Sharpe in The New Inquiry called Goffman out for focusing on the impact of race while failing to perceive the impact of class on the young men in the mixed-income neighborhood.[24] In addition, some reviewers have accused Goffman, as a white middle-class woman, of writing "jungle book" tropes about the lives of poor American-American young men.

Allegations of inaccuracy and criminal conduct

Many parties have criticized On the Run for alleged factual inaccuracy and Goffman's alleged felonious conduct. Legal ethicist Steven Lubet, reviewing On the Run in The New Rambler, claimed that Goffman had admitted to committing conspiracy to commit murder and "involved her[self] as an accomplice in the evident commission of a major felony"[25][26] in a passage describing the aftermath of the murder of one of her sources. Following Goffman's response,[27] he claimed that "Goffman essentially admits that she embellished and exaggerated her account of a crucial episode, which should leave even the most sympathetic readers doubting her word."[28][29]

Lubet also questioned Goffman's claim that she had personally witnessed police officers making arrests after running the names of visitors to hospitals.[25][26] Lubet cited a contact at the Philadelphia police department who denied such practices and called Goffman's account "outlandish".[25] Journalist Dan McQuade of Philadelphia magazine was similarly unable to verify Goffman's assertion through official hospital channels.[30] Lubet also questioned a claim that one of Goffman's sources, 'Tim', had at the age of eleven been placed on three years of juvenile probation on the charge of "accessory" to receiving stolen property, after being arrested as a passenger in a stolen car.

Reporter Jesse Singal located some of the anonymized subjects of the book and interviewed them. He came to the conclusion that "her book is, at the very least, mostly true", though he was unable to obtain precise details of the hospital arrest incident or the arrest of the juvenile 'Tim'.[31] Singal wrote that "Lubet's skepticism seems well-founded", and concluded that "the most likely explanation for these discrepancies is that [Goffman] simply didn't heed her own advice about credulously echoing sources' stories; it might be that important details about how these events unfolded got lost along the way."[32]

In his lengthy review of the book and the controversy, law professor Paul Campos cited, "numerous and significant incongruities, contradictions, inaccuracies, and improbable incidents scattered throughout," the text, asserting that Goffman's book, "reveals flaws in the way social science in general, and ethnography in particular, is produced."[33] To take one example, he was highly skeptical of Goffman's description of an incident where a man was shot and killed in her presence. Campos asked whether "a friend of Chuck's [was] actually murdered before Goffman's eyes, forcing her to run away, with blood spattering her shoes and pants? Did she avoid being questioned by the police, who, one presumes, would have discovered both a body and Goffman's car when they arrived on the scene? How is it that having someone murdered right in front of her merits no more than one almost throwaway sentence in her book?"

The popularity of On the Run in the mainstream media has put the practice of ethnography under scrutiny. Journalist Gideon Lewis-Kraus published a longform defense of Goffman's book in The New York Times Magazine, in which he argued that most sociologists consider the alleged errors found in On the Run to be the inevitable result of her university's Institutional Review Board requirement that informants be anonymized and field notes be destroyed.[19]

An anonymous 57-page critique of On the Run was circulated on academic list-servs claiming that Goffman had fabricated many of the incidents she described.[19] University of Wisconsin-Madison reviewed the anonymous allegations and found them to be "without merit".[34] Journalist Lewis-Kraus read a detailed refutation to the critique composed and shown to him by Goffman, although she has declined to share it with the public.[19] He writes that she "persuasively explains many of the lingering issues" but that "the hardest elements of her story to confirm are the ones that feel like cinematic exaggerations, especially with respect to police practices; several officers challenged as outlandish her claim that she was personally interrogated with guns on the table."[19] Goffman, when asked for corroboration, disagreed with what she considered was Lewis-Kraus' assumption "[t]he way to validate the claims in the book is by getting officials who are white men in power to corroborate them.... The point of the book is for people who are written off and delegitimated to describe their own lives and to speak for themselves about the reality they face, and this is a reality that goes absolutely against the narratives of officials or middle-class people. So finding 'legitimate' people to validate the claims — it feels wrong to me on just about every level.’’[19] Singal felt that this "only gets [Gofmann] so far: It's not like you can't both tell your subjects' stories and check certain details for consistency along the way."[35]

Goffman's publishers told The New York Times that they stand behind Goffman and her book.[36] Goffman's thesis adviser at Princeton, Mitchell Duneier, defended the portion of Goffman's work which is in her thesis, telling The Chronicle of Higher Education that he met with and verified the identities of some of her informants.[37]

In The Chronicle of Higher Education, sociologist Jack Katz also addressed the ethical dilemmas that accompany Goffman's brand of ethnography: "Most of the time, people doing research on drugs and crime and the police don't report the incidents that potentially compromise them. The ethical line she crossed, in a way, was honesty."[38] Columbia sociologist Shamus Khan stated that "I don't think Alice made up any data. I think there are questions about reporting things she heard as if they were things she saw (which she is hardly unique in doing – most people do this, but they definitely should not)."[39] Andrew Gelman wrote that "Goffman's success, and the reputation of her work, depend crucially on the trust of her audience. Once that trust is gone, I think it's very hard to get it back. I think she'll have to move into an arena in which she can document her work, or else move into some field such as advocacy in which documented truth is not required."[40]

Philip N. Cohen of the University of Maryland criticized a survey cited in On the Run which Goffman had conducted and previously published[41] in the American Sociological Review, claiming "data and methodological reporting ... are not up to established standards in sociology."[42]

Awards

Personal life

Goffman is the daughter of sociologist Erving Goffman and sociolinguist Gillian Sankoff.[13] She is also the adopted daughter of her stepfather, linguist William Labov.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rizter, George, et al. (2003). "Erving Goffman". Ch.2 in The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists. Accessed: June 12, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Alice Goffman Award Statement," American Sociological Association website. Accessed: May 31, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 Alice Goffman curriculum vitae, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Accessed: May 31, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Faculty page, Goffman". University of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  5. ↑ Hoffner, Gloria A. (December 6, 1999). "Ap Scholars Noted For High Test Marks". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
  6. ↑ Princeton.edu
  7. ↑ Healthpolicyscholars.org
  8. ↑ Us.sagepub.com
  9. ↑ Springer.com
  10. 1 2 3 Ted.com
  11. ↑ Ias.edu
  12. 1 2 3 4 "On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City, Goffman". Press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  13. 1 2 Parry, Marc (November 18, 2013). "The American Police State: A sociologist interrogates the criminal-justice system, and tries to stay out of the spotlight". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  14. ↑ goffman, alice (2014). On The Run. New York: The University of Chicago. p. 5.
  15. ↑ "100 Notable Books of 2014", The New York Times, December 2, 2014. Accessed: May 31, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Editor's Choice". New York Times.
  17. ↑ Kotlowitz, Alex (June 26, 2014). "Deep Cover: Alice Goffman's 'On the Run'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  18. ↑ Jencks, Christopher (October 9, 2014). "On America's Front Lines". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (12 January 2016). "The Trials of Alice Goffman". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  20. ↑ Ted.com
  21. ↑ Wax, Amy (June 1, 2015). "Negatively Sixth Street". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  22. ↑ Mac Donald, Heather. "Running with the Predators". Spring 2015. City Journal. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  23. ↑ Betts, Dwayne (July 10, 2014). "The Stoop Isn't the Jungle". Slate. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  24. ↑ Sharp, Christina (August 8, 2014). "Black Life, Annotated". The New Inquiry. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 Lubet, Steven (2015). "Ethics On the Run". The New Rambler. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  26. 1 2 Newramblerreview.com
  27. ↑ Goffman, Alice. (2015). "A Response to Professor Lubet's Critique." Accessed: June 7, 2015.
  28. ↑ Lubet, Steve. "Goffman defender demands a further reply". The Faculty Lounge. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  29. ↑ Lubet, Steven (June 3, 2015). "Alice Goffman's Denial of Murder Conspiracy Raises Even More Questions". The New Republic. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  30. ↑ McQuade, Dan (June 11, 2015). "Alice Goffman's Book on "Fugitive Life" in Philly Under Attack". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  31. ↑ Nymag.com
  32. ↑ Singal, Jesse. "Here's What's in Alice Goffman's Dissertation".
  33. ↑ Campos, Paul (August 21, 2015). "Alice Goffman's Implausible Ethnography". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  34. ↑ Ssc.wisc.edu
  35. ↑ Singal, Jesse. "3 Lingering Questions From the Alice Goffman Controversy". NYmag.com. NY Magazine.
  36. ↑ Schuessler, Jennifer (June 5, 2015). "Alice Goffman's Heralded Book on Crime Disputed". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  37. ↑ Parry, Marc (June 12, 2015). "Conflict Over Sociologist's Narrative Puts Spotlight on Ethnography". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  38. ↑ M.chronicle.com
  39. ↑ "Shamus Khan AMA [Ask Me Anything]".
  40. ↑ Gelman, Andrew. "Rogue sociologist won't stop rougin'". andrewgelman.com.
  41. ↑ Goffman, Alice (2009). "On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto,". American Sociological Review. 74: 339–357. doi:10.1177/000312240907400301.
  42. ↑ Cohen, Philip N. "Survey and ethnography: Comment on Goffman's "On the Run"" (PDF).
  43. ↑ Asanet.org

External links

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