American cockroach

American cockroach
An American cockroach in action - first in real time, then slowed down to one-tenth speed
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Blattodea
Family: Blattidae
Genus: Periplaneta
Species: P. americana
Binomial name
Periplaneta americana
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), also colloquially known as the waterbug,[1] but not a true waterbug since it is not aquatic, or misidentified as the palmetto bug (see Florida woods cockroach for the differences),[2][3] is the largest species of common cockroach, and often considered a pest. It is also known as the ship cockroach, kakerlac, and Bombay canary.[4]

Distribution

Despite the name, none of the Periplaneta species is endemic to the Americas; P. americana was introduced to the United States from Africa as early as 1625.[4] They are now common in tropical climates because human activity has extended the insect's range of habitation, and are virtually cosmopolitan in distribution as a result of global commerce.[4] American cockroaches are also known as plagues in the warm Mediterranean coast of Spain and Portugal (starting from Valencia to the Algarve) and in the Canary Islands; where the winters are mild/warm and frost-free, and the summers are hot or very hot.[5][6]

History

Cockroaches date back to the Carboniferous period. They are thought to have emerged on the supercontinent Pangaea, or on Gondwana, the daughter continent of Pangaea. The cockroach made many adaptations over the years to be able to survive the major die-offs to which many species succumbed.[7]

Characteristics

American cockroach are an average length of around 4 cm (1.6 in) and about 7 mm (0.28 in) tall.[8] They are reddish brown and have a yellowish margin on the body region behind the head. Immature cockroaches resemble adults except they are wingless.

The cockroach is divided in three sections; the body is flattened and broadly oval, with a shield-like pronotum covering its head. A pronotum is a plate-like structure that covers all or part of the dorsal surface of the thorax of certain insects. They also have chewing mouth parts, long, segmented antennae, and leathery fore wings with delicate hind wings. The third section of the cockroach is the abdomen.[9]

The insect can travel quickly, often darting out of sight when someone enters a room, and can fit into small cracks and under doors despite its fairly large size. It is considered one of the fastest running insects.[10]

In an experiment, a P. americana registered a record speed of 5.4 km/h (3.4 mph), about 50 body lengths per second, which would be comparable to a human running at 330 km/h (210 mph).[11][12]

It has a pair of large compound eyes, each having over 2000 individual lenses, and is a very active night insect that shuns light.

Morphology

The American cockroach shows a characteristic insect morphology with its body bearing divisions as head, trunk, and abdomen. The trunk, or thorax, is divisible in prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. Each thoracic segment gives rise to a pair of walking appendages (known as legs). The organism bears two wings. The forewings, known as tegmina arises from mesothorax and is dark and opaque. The hind wings arise from metathorax and are used in flight, though they rarely do. The abdomen is divisible into ten segments each of which is surrounded by chitinous exoskeleton plates called sclerites, including dorsal tergites, ventral sternites and lateral pleurites.

Risk to humans

The odorous secretions produced by American cockroaches can alter the flavor of food. Also, if populations of cockroaches are high, a strong concentration of this odorous secretion can be present.[13] Cockroaches can pick up disease-causing bacteria,[14] such as Salmonella, on their legs and later deposit them on foods and cause food infections or poisoning. House dust containing cockroach feces and body parts can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in certain individuals.[15]

Underside of P. americana
P. americana, view from side

Habitat

American cockroaches generally live in moist areas, but can survive in dry areas if they have access to water. They prefer warm temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and do not tolerate cold temperatures. These cockroaches are common in basements, crawl spaces, cracks and crevices of porches, foundations, and walkways adjacent to buildings. In residential areas outside the tropics these cockroaches live in basements and sewers, and may move outdoors into yards during warm weather.

Lifecycle

American cockroaches have three developmental stages: egg, nymph, and adult.[13] Females produce an egg case (ootheca) which protrudes from the tip of the abdomen. On average, females produce 9–10 oothecae, although they can sometimes produce as many as 90.[16] The cockroach is paurometabolous.[17] After about two days, the egg cases are placed on a surface in a safe location. Egg cases are about 0.9 cm (0.35 in) long, brown, and purse-shaped. Immature cockroaches emerge from egg cases in 6–8 weeks and require 6–12 months to mature. After hatching, the nymphs feed and undergo a series of 13 moultings (or ecdysis). Adult cockroaches can live up to an additional year, during which females produce an average of 150 young.

Diet

American cockroaches are omnivorous and opportunistic feeders that eat a great variety of materials such as cheese, beer, tea, leather, bakery products, starch in book bindings, manuscripts, glue, hair, flakes of dried skin, dead animals, plant materials, soiled clothing, and glossy paper with starch sizing.[4][13] They are particularly fond of fermenting foods.[18] They have also been observed to feed upon dead or wounded cockroaches of their own or other species.

Control as pests

In cold climates, these cockroaches may move indoors when the weather turns cold, seeking warmer temperatures and food. Cockroaches may enter houses through sewer connections, under doors, or around plumbing, air ducts, or other openings in the foundation.[16] Cockroach populations may be controlled through the use of insecticides. Covering any cracks or crevices through which cockroaches may enter and cleaning any spills or messes that have been made is beneficial, so cockroaches are not able to enter and are not attracted to the food source. Another way to prevent an infestation of cockroaches is to thoroughly check any material brought inside. Cockroaches and egg cases can be hidden inside or on furniture, in boxes, suitcases, grocery bags, etc.[13]

Comparison of three common cockroaches

Roach German cockroach Oriental cockroach American cockroach
Size 13–16 mm (0.51–0.63 in)[19] 18–29 mm (0.71–1.14 in)[19] 29–53 mm (1.1–2.1 in)[19]
Preferred temperature 15–35 °C (59–95 °F)[20] 20–30 °C (68–86 °F)[19] 20–29 °C (68–84 °F)[20]
Nymphal development[note 1] 54–215 days
(at 24–35 °C (75–95 °F))[19] 		164–542 days
(at 22–30 °C (72–86 °F))[19] 		150–360 days
(at 25–30 °C (77–86 °F))[19]
Lifespan Around 200 days[19] 35–190 days[19] 90–706 days[19]
Able to fly? Uncommon[note 2][19] No[19] Yes[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Dependent on several factors, including temperature (significantly), sex, and nutrition.
  2. ↑ German cockroaches can glide, especially males, but powered flight is uncommon.

References

  1. ↑ Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Hall, Joan Houston (2002). Dictionary of American Regional English (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-674-00884-7.
  2. ↑ Poertner, Bo (10 December 1997). "Palmetto Bug - Roach Or Beetle? Quit Debating, We Have The Answer". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  3. ↑ Encyclopedia of Life. "Periplaneta americana - American Cockroach". Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Bell, William J.; Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). American Cockroach. Springer. pp. 1, 4. ISBN 978-0-412-16140-7.
  5. ↑ http://www.rentokil.es/cucarachas/tipos-de-cucarachas/
  6. ↑ http://www.gsmspain.com/foros/h486492_Off-topic-Taberna_cucaracha-americana-prolifera-Espana-indestructible.html
  7. ↑ Copeland, Marion (2003). Cockroach. London: Reaktion Books LTD. ISBN 978-1-86189-192-1.
  8. ↑ Barbara, Kathryn A. (2008). "American cockr - Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus)". Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  9. ↑ Bell, William (2007). Cockroaches. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  10. ↑ Merritt, Thomas M. (July 31, 1999). "Chapter 39 — Fastest Runner". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida.
  11. ↑ Shukolyukov, S.A. (September 27, 2001). "Discovering the Achievements of the American Cockroach". University Science News. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  12. ↑ "Fastest Land Insect". Archived from the original on 2008-02-24.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Jacobs, Steve. "American Cockroaches". The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  14. ↑ "Evaluation of the common cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) as carrier of medically important bacteria". pubmed.gov.
  15. ↑ "New York City Environmental Health Services". Archived from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
  16. 1 2 "American Cockroach". Amalgamated Pest Control.
  17. ↑ Hemimetabolism
  18. ↑ Jones, Susan C. (2008). "Agricultural and Natural Resources Fact Sheet: American Cockroach (HYG-2096-08)" (PDF). Ohio State University.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5.
  20. 1 2 Bassett, W.H. (12 October 2012). Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health. Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-135-81033-7.

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