Ansar al-Islam

Not to be confused with Jabhat Ansar al-Islam.
Ansar al-Islam
جماعة أنصار الإسلام
Participant in the Iraq War, Iraqi insurgency, Syrian Civil War, and the Global War on Terrorism

The Flag of Ansar al-Islam - al Sahab[1]
Active

September 2001–29 August 2014 (pro-ISIL main faction)

29 August 2014–present (anti-ISIL Iraqi and Syrian factions)[2][3][4]
Ideology Salafist Jihadism
Leaders Mullah Krekar (Former)
Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (POW)
Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim[1]
Area of operations Iraqi Kurdistan[5]
Iraq
Syria
Strength Before split: 1,300+
Became Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (main faction)[6]
Allies
Opponents

Ansar al-Islam (Arabic: أنصار الإسلام‎‎ Anṣār al-Islām) or Ansar al-Islam fi Kurdistan[8] was a Kurdish Sunni Muslim insurgent group in Iraq[9] and Syria.[7] It was established in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2001 as a Salafist Islamist movement that imposed a strict application of Sharia in villages it controlled around Biyara to the northeast of Halabja, near the Iranian border. Its ideology follows a literal interpretation of the Koran and promotes a return to the example of the first Muslims (Salaf).[10] Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the group became an insurgent group which fought against the American led forces and their Iraqi allies. The group continued to fight the Iraqi Government following the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, and sent members to Syria to fight the Government following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War.

The group was a designated terrorist organization in the United Nations, Australia, Canada, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States, and a known affiliate of the al-Qaeda network.[11]

On 29 August 2014, a statement on the behalf of 50 leaders of Ansar al-Islam announced that the group was merging with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, thereby officially dissolving the organization.[6][12] However, some small elements within Ansar al-Islam rejected this merger, and continued to function as an independent organization.[6]

History

Formation

Ansar al-Islam was formed in September 2001 from a merger of Jund al-Islam (Soldiers of Islam), led by Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i, and a splinter group from the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan led by Mullah Krekar. Krekar became the leader of the merged Ansar al-Islam, which opposed an agreement made between IMK and the dominant Kurdish group in the area, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The group later made an allegiance to al-Qaeda and allegedly received direct funds from the terror network.[13]

Ansar al-Islam initially comprised approximately 300 men, many of them veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War, and a proportion being neither Kurd nor Arab. During its stay in the Biyara region near the Iranian border, there were allegations of logistical support from "powerful factions in Iran."[14]

The roots of Ansar al-Islam can be traced to the mid-1990s. The group consists of various Islamist factions that splintered from the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan (IMK). In 2001, shortly before the 9/11 attacks, leaders of several Kurdish Islamist factions visited the al-Qa'ida leadership in Afghanistan planning to create a base for al-Qa'ida in northern Iraq. A document found in Kabul stated the groups' objectives, which was to ""expel those Jews and Christians from Kurdistan and join the way of jihad, [and] rule every piece of land … with the Islamic Shari'a rule." This was also confirmed by the Los Angeles Times, based upon interviews with an Ansar prisoner, which stated that in October 2000, Kurdish Islamist leaders sent jihadists to bin Laden's camps. They received the message from bin Laden that Kurdish Islamic cells should unite. [15]

Period up to the Iraq War

Villagers under Ansar al-Islam's control were subjected to harsh sharia laws; musical instruments were destroyed and singing forbidden. The only school for girls in the area was destroyed, and all pictures of women removed from merchandise labels. Sufi shrines were desecrated and members of the Kaka'i (a religious group also known as Ahl-e Haqq) were forced to convert to Islam or flee. Former prisoners of the group also claim that Ansar al-Islam routinely used torture and severe beatings when interrogating prisoners. Beheading of prisoners had also been reported.[16]

In February 2003, prior to the US 2003 invasion of Iraq, Paramilitary teams from the Special Activities Division (SAD) and the Army's 10th Special Forces Group entered Iraq and cooperated with Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Peshmerga to attack Ansar al-Islam. It resulted in the deaths of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat.[17] Sargat was the only facility of its type discovered in Iraq.[18][19]

Iraq War

Further information: Ansar al-Sunna

In September 2003, members of Ansar al-Islam who had fled to Iran after the 2003 joint operation by Iraqi and US forces against them announced the creation of a group called Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna, which was dedicated to expelling U.S. occupation forces from Iraq. Ansar al-Sunna became a prominent insurgent group active in the so-called Sunni Triangle, carrying out kidnappings, suicide bombings and guerilla attacks.

In December 2007 the Ansar al-Sunna group formally acknowledged being derived from Ansar al-Islam, and reverted to using that name.[20]

Iraqi Insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal)

Ansar al-Islam remained active after the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq of 2011, taking part in the insurgency against Iraq's central government. Attacks against Iraqi security forces have been claimed by the group, particularly around Mosul and Kirkuk.[7]

Syrian Civil War

Ansar al-Islam has established a presence in Syria to take part in the Syrian Civil War, initially under the name of "Ansar al-Sham",[21] later under its own name. The group has played a role in the Battle of Aleppo and coordinates with other rebels including the al-Nusra Front and the Islamic Front.[7] The Syrian Ansar al-Islam units in Aleppo remained independent when the main faction joined ISIL in 2014.[22]

In 2016, they fought alongside the al-Nusra Front during a major offensive in the city.[4] On August 19, 2016, the group issued a statement entitled "Obituary for the Martyred Military Commander Abu Layth al-Tunisi and a Group of his Brothers".[23] A newsletter article by Ziad Fadel states that this occurred southwest of Aleppo, in an attack conducted by the SAA and Hezbollah.[24]

Alleged ties to Saddam Hussein’s regime

In a "Special Analysis" report dated July 31, 2002, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) concluded the following regarding possible connections between Saddam's regime and Ansar al-Islam: "The Iraqi regime seeks to influence and manipulate political events in the Kurdish-controlled north and probably has some type of assets in contact with Ansar al-Islam, either through liaison or through penetration by an intelligence asset."[25]

In January 2003, the U.S. alleged that Ansar al-Islam provided a possible link between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, and said to prepare to unveil new evidence of it.[26] Ansar’s leader Mullah Krekar in January 2003 denied links of Ansar with Saddam Hussein’s government.[26] U.S. terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna in January 2003 agreed with Krekar that links of Ansar with Iraqi Government were never proven.[26]

In February 2003, then United States Secretary of State Colin Powell told the United Nations Security Council, "Baghdad has an agent in the most senior levels of the radical organization, Ansar al-Islam, that controls this corner of Iraq. In 2000 this agent offered Al Qaida safe haven in the region. After we swept Al Qaida from Afghanistan, some of its members accepted this safe haven."[27]

In March–April 2003, the BBC reported that a captured Iraqi intelligence officer had indicated that a senior Ansar leader, Abu Wail, was an Iraqi intelligence officer.[28] If that was true, then Saddam’s regime had some influence on Ansar, said the BBC.[28] Saddam’s interest could have been to have Ansar as a force directly opposing Kurdish independence in northern Iraq, said the BBC.[28]

In January 2004, Powell acknowledged that his speech of February 2003 presented no hard evidence of collaboration between Saddam and al-Qaeda; he told reporters at a State Department press conference that "I have not seen smoking gun, concrete evidence about the connection, but I do believe the connections existed."[29]

The Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq, issued in 2004, concluded that Saddam "was aware of Ansar al-Islam and al-Qaeda presence in northeastern Iraq, but the groups' presence was considered a threat to the regime and the Iraqi government attempted intelligence collection operations against them. The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) stated that information from senior Ansar al-Islam detainees revealed that the group viewed Saddam's regime as apostate, and denied any relationship with it."[30]

The U.S. Select Committee on Intelligence in September 2006 again stated that: ’Postwar information reveals that Baghdad viewed Ansar al-Islam as a threat to the regime and (…) attempted to collect intelligence on the group’.[31]

After Powell had left office, he in 2008 acknowledged that he was skeptical of the evidence presented to him for the speech of February 2003. In an interview, he told Barbara Walters then that he considered that speech a "blot" on his record and that he felt "terrible" about assertions that he made in the speech that turned out to be false. He said, "There were some people in the intelligence community who knew at that time that some of these sources were not good, and shouldn't be relied upon, and they didn't speak up. That devastated me." When asked specifically about a Saddam/al-Qaeda connection, Powell responded, "I have never seen a connection. … I can't think otherwise because I'd never seen evidence to suggest there was one."[32]

Links to al-Qaeda

Ansar’s first leader, Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i, was trained by al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.[28] Another early leader of Ansar, Abu Abdul Rahman, killed in October 2001, had, to the conviction of the U.S. government, also ties to al-Qaeda.[28] In a report dated July 31, 2002, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) concluded: "Ansar al-Islam is an independent organization that receives assistance from al-Qaeda, but is not a branch of the group."[25]

Begin 2003, less than 10 percent of individuals in Ansar were both Taliban and al-Qaeda members.[28] This, and the information about Shafi'i and Rahman, led the U.S. government, in January 2003, to proclaim, by the mouth of Secretay of State Colin Powell, that a ‘link’ between Ansar and al-Qaeda exist,[28] and that the U.S. was preparing to unveil new evidence of it.[26]

Mullah Krekar in January 2003 denied links of Ansar with al-Qaeda.[26] U.S. terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna in January 2003 however disagreed with Krekar and affirmed links of Ansar with al-Qaeda: “Ansar al-Islam has links with al-Qaeda – in fact it is an associate group of al-Qaeda”.[26] In March–April 2003, Mullah Krekar again protested against such links, and said to newspaper Al-Hayat that he had contacts with the American government prior to 11 September 2001, and possessed “irrefutable evidence against the Americans and I am prepared to supply it … if [the U.S.] tries to implicate me in an affair linked to terrorism”.[28]

Designation as a terrorist organization

Country Date References
 Australia March 2003 [33]
 Canada 17 May 2004 [34]
 Israel 2005 [35]
 United Kingdom October 2005 [36]
 United States 22 March 2004 [37]

Leadership

Ansar’s first leader until shortly after 11 September 2001 was Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i.[28]

Mullah Krekar in 2001 replaced Shafi'i as leader of Ansar, Shafi'i became his deputy.[28] After Mullah Krekar left for Norway in 2003, Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i was again the leader of Ansar al-Islam.[38]

On May 4, 2010 Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i was captured by US forces in Baghdad.[38] On December 15, 2011 Ansar al-Islam announced a new emir, Sheikh Abu Hashim al Ibrahim[1] A history of the group published on Twitter in November, 2015 by Abu al-Waleed al-Salafi states that "a number of leaders of the group, including Abu Hashim Al Ibrahim, the amir of the group," were arrested "at the beginning of 2014"; the article does not at all suggest that any replacement emir had been appointed.[22]

Claimed and alleged attacks

Ansar al-Islam detonated a suicide car bomb on March 22, 2003, killing Australian journalist Paul Moran and several others. The group was also thought to have been responsible for a September 9, 2003 attempted bombing of a United States Department of Defense office in Arbil, which killed three people.

On February 1, 2004 suicide bombings hit parallel Eid-celebrations arranged by the two main Kurdish parties, PUK and Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq (KDP), in the Kurdish capital of Arbil, killing 109 and wounding more than 200 partygoers. Responsibility for this attack was claimed by the then unknown group Ansar al-Sunnah, and stated to be in support of "our brothers in Ansar al-Islam."

In November 2008, an archbishop in Mosul received a threat signed by the "Ansar al-Islam brigades", warning all Christians to leave Iraq or else be killed.[39]

Stabbing attack on police officer in Berlin on September 17, 2015 by Ansar operative Rafik Yousef.[40][41][42]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Ansar al Islam names new leader". Long War Journal. 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
  2. ↑ "IS disciplines some emirs to avoid losing base". 2 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  3. ↑ "Iraqi Jihadist Group Swears Alleigance to Islamic State". 29 August 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  4. 1 2 Thomas Joscelyn (7 August 2016). "Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  5. ↑ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm
  6. 1 2 3 "IS disciplines some emirs to avoid losing base - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (11 May 2014). "Key Updates on Iraq's Sunni Insurgent Groups". Brown Moses Blog. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  8. ↑ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ "Ansar al-Islam". Fas.org. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  10. ↑ Asia Times: "Ansar al-Islam refuses to lie down" by Valentinas Mite January 9, 2004
  11. ↑ Schanzer, Jonathan. Al-Qaeda's armies: Middle East affiliate groups & the next generation of terror. Specialist Press International. New York, 2005.
  12. ↑ "Jihadist Group Swears Loyalty to Islamic State - Middle East - News - Arutz Sheva". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  13. ↑ Terrorism & Its Effects. Sanchez, Juan. Global Media, 2007.
  14. ↑ "Radical Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Mouse that Roared?". International Crisis Group. 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  15. ↑ http://www.meforum.org/579/ansar-al-islam-back-in-iraq
  16. ↑ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  17. ↑ Plan of Attack, Bob Woodward, Simon and Schuster, 2004.
  18. ↑ Tucker, Mike; Charles Faddis (2008). Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-366-8.
  19. ↑ An interview on public radio with the author Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ "Ansar al-Sunnah Acknowledges Relationship with Ansar al-Islam, Reverts to Using Ansar al-Islam Name". Counterterrorism Blog. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  21. ↑ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 January 2014). "Musings of an Iraqi Brasenostril on Jihad: Comprehensive Reference Guide to Sunni Militant Groups in Iraq". Jihadology.net. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  22. 1 2 "A Complete History of Jamaat Ansar al-Islam".
  23. ↑ http://jihadology.net/2016/08/19/new-statement-from-ansar-al-islam. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ "Terrorist Numbers Drying Up In Aleppo as Syrian Army Kills Over 60".
  25. 1 2 DIA, Special Analysis, July 31, 2002, cited in Postwar Findings about Iraq's WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How they Compare with Prewar Assessments, pg. 71. Archived September 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 O'Toole, Pam (31 January 2003). "Mullah denies Iraq al-Qaeda link". BBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  27. ↑ "U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council". 2003-02-05.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ram, Sunil (April 2003). "The Enemy of My Enemy: The odd link between Ansar al-Islam, Iraq and Iran" (PDF). The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  29. ↑ NBC, MSNBC, AP, "No proof links Iraq, al-Qaeda, Powell says," MSNBC News Services (8 January 2004).
  30. ↑ Senate Intelligence Committee Report p.92-93. Archived September 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ "Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on Postwar Findings About Iraq's WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments. 109th Congress, 2nd Session" (PDF). Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq. 8 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.(See III.G, Conclusions 5 and 6, p.109.)
  32. ↑ "ABC News: Colin Powell on Iraq, Race, and Hurricane Relief". ABC News. 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  33. ↑ "Listing of terrorist organisations". Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  34. ↑ "Currently listed entities". Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  35. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  36. ↑ "Proscribed terrorist groups" (PDF). Home Office. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  37. ↑ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  38. 1 2 "No Operation". Presstv.ir. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  39. ↑ "مەکتەبی راگەیاندنی یەکێتیی نیشتمانیی کوردستان". PUKmedia. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  40. ↑ Huggler, Justin (17 September 2015). "Islamic terrorist shot dead after Berlin attack on policewoman". Telegraph. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  41. ↑ "Iraqi man shot dead in Berlin after stabbing policewoman". The Guardian. Agence France. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  42. ↑ "Islamic terrorist shot dead after Berlin attack on policewoman". Telegraph.co.uk. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

External links

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