Assault weapons legislation in the United States

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Assault weapons legislation in the United States refers to bills and laws (active, expired, proposed or failed) that define and restrict or make illegal the manufacture, transfer, and possession of assault weapons. How these firearms are defined and regulated varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In general, there is no clear definition of an "assault weapon."^[1] Nonetheless, "assault weapons" are often considered to be semiautomatic firearms with a large magazine, as first defined in a 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB)."^[1]

The Federal Assault Weapons Ban enacted in 1994 expired in 2004. Attempts to renew this ban have failed, as have attempts to pass a new ban, such as the Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 (AWB 2013). Seven U.S. states have assault weapons bans: three were enacted before the 1994 federal ban and four more passed before the federal ban expired. The majority of states, forty-three, have no assault weapons ban, although two, Minnesota and Virginia, have training and background check requirements for purchasers of assault weapons that are more stringent than those for ordinary firearms. While there are no statewide assault weapon bans in Colorado and Illinois, local bans exist in certain cities or counties in each of these states.

The 1994 federal and 1989 state ban in California were prompted by the 1989 Cleveland Elementary School shooting in Stockton, California. Existing and proposed weapon bans come under renewed interest in the wake of mass shootings, most recently after the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut. In addition to state bans, Washington, D.C. and some U.S. counties and municipalities have assault weapons laws.

Federal assault weapons bans

Expired Assault Weapons Ban of 1994

In January 1989, 34 children and a teacher were shot in Stockton, California, using a semi-automatic replica of an AK-47 assault rifle. Five children died.^[2][3][4]:10 President George H.W. Bush banned the import of semiautomatic rifles in March 1989,^[5] and made the ban permanent in July.^[6] The assault weapons ban tried to address public concern about mass shootings while limiting the impact on recreational firearms use.^[7]:1–2

In November 1993, the ban passed the United States Senate, although its author, Dianne Feinstein, D-CA, and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal.^[8] In January 1994, Josh Sugarmann, executive director of the Violence Policy Center, said handguns and assault weapons should be banned.^[9] In May of that year, former presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the United States House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns." They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.^[10] Rep. Jack Brooks, D-TX, then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried to remove the ban from the crime bill but failed.^[11]

The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act, commonly called the federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB and AWB 1994), was enacted in September 1994. The ban, including a ban on high-capacity magazines, became defunct (expired) in September 2004 per a 10-year sunset provision.

Federal assault weapons bans

Proposed Assault Weapons Ban of 2015

The proposed bill H.R.4269, the Assault Weapons Ban of 2015,^[12] was introduced on December 16 of 2015 to the 114th United States Congress, sponsored by Representative David N. Cicilline^[13] of Rhode Island along with 123 original co-sponsors,^[14] it currently has 149 co-sponsors,^[14] This legislation states that its purpose is "To regulate assault weapons, to ensure that the right to keep and bear arms is not unlimited, and for other purposes."^[15]

A majority of Americans support a ban on assault weapons.^[16] In the most recent poll, conducted by CBS news, 57 percent of Americans say they support a ban on assault weapons.^[17] Furthermore, research supports the efficacy of assault weapons bans and other restrictive firearms sales and possession laws for reducing crime and furthering social justice.^[18] A study by Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy Research shows that "a form of restrictive licensing for handguns that places a premium on community safety . . . is consistent with respect for the autonomy of persons, fosters the prevention of harms, and more appropriately furthers social justice.".^[18] Conversely, when Missouri repealed a law that required background checks on all handgun sales, gun homicides increased by 23%.^[19]

The proposed legislation targets various firearm accessories, including the barrel shroud (a safety covering for the barrel of the firearm to prevent the operator from burning his or her hands as the barrel becomes heated after the firing of multiple rounds), pistol grip, and certain types of firearm stocks such as telescoping or collapsing stocks.^[15] Also included are lists of various classes and models of firearms, including semi-automatic firearms, modern sporting rifles, assault weapons, semi-automatic pistols, semi-automatic shotguns, and others, some of which have already been banned or restricted under existing legislation including grenade launchers.^[15] The legislation also proscribes high-capacity magazines.^[15]

State assault weapon bans

U.S. assault weapons bans by jurisdiction

Jurisdiction	Status	- By make/ model	Semiauto rifles	Semiauto pistols	Shotguns	Features test	Magazine capacity
California[20]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N
Connecticut[21]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N
District of Columbia[22]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N
Hawaii[23]	In force			N		N	N
Maryland[24]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N
Massachusetts[25]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N
New Jersey[26]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N
New York[27]	In force	N	N	N	N	N	N

Three U.S. states passed assault weapons bans before Congress passed the federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994: California in 1989, New Jersey in 1990, and Connecticut in 1993. Four others passed assault weapons bans before AWB 1994 expired in 2004: Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts and New York.

California

1989

In May 1989, California became the first state in the U.S. to pass an assault weapons ban, after the January 1989 Cleveland Elementary School shooting in Stockton.^[28] The Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989, or AWCA, banned semi-automatic firearms that it classified as assault weapons: over 50 specific brands and models of rifles, pistols, and shotguns. It also banned magazines that it classified as large capacity (those able to hold more than 10 rounds of ammunition). Guns and magazines legally owned at the time the law was passed were grandfathered in if registered with the California Department of Justice.^[29][30]

1999

In March 1999, State Senator Don Perata introduced Senate Bill 23 (SB 23). The bill had three provisions: to make illegal the manufacture, importation, sale or offer, or to give or lend any large-capacity magazine as defined as having the capacity to accept more than ten rounds; the addition of a "generic" definition list to the existing Roberti-Roos legislation; and the exemption to allow on and off duty and retired peace officers the use of assault weapons.^[31] They are defined in Penal Code §12276.1 and §30515.^[32] The bill was passed and went into effect on January 1, 2000.^[33]

Connecticut

In June 1993, Connecticut became the third U.S. state, after California and New Jersey, to pass an assault weapons ban.^[34] In April 2013, four months after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the Connecticut General Assembly passed new restrictions to the state's existing assault weapons ban.^[35] The law was challenged, but a federal judge upheld it and ruled it constitutional. Gun owners said they would appeal.^[36]

Connecticut prohibits any person from possessing an assault weapon unless the weapon was possessed prior to July 1, 1994, and the possessor:

• Was eligible to apply for a certificate of possession for the assault weapon by July 1, 1994;
• Lawfully possessed the assault weapon prior to October 1, 1993; and
• Is not in violation of Connecticut General Statutes §§ 53-202a to 53-202k (assault weapon regulations), and Connecticut General Statutes § 53-202o (affirmative defense in prosecution for possession of specified assault weapon). It also prohibits any person from distributing, transporting, importing into the state, keeping, offering or exposing for sale, or giving an assault weapon to any person.^[21]

Connecticut defines an "assault weapon" as:

• Any "selective-fire" firearm capable of fully automatic, semi-automatic or "burst fire" at the option of the user;
• Any semi-automatic centerfire rifle, regardless of the date produced, that has the ability to accept a detachable magazine and has at least one of the following features: 1) A folding or telescoping stock; 2) Any grip of the weapon, including a pistol grip, thumbhole stock, or other stock that would allow an individual to grip the weapon, resulting in any finger on the trigger hand in addition to the trigger finger being directly below any portion of the action of the weapon when firing; 3) A forward pistol grip; 4) A flash suppressor; or 5) A grenade or flare launcher;
• A semi-automatic pistol that has an ability to accept a detachable magazine and has at least one of the following features: 1) The ability to accept a detachable ammunition magazine that attaches at some location outside the pistol grip; 2) A threaded barrel capable of accepting a flash suppressor, forward pistol grip or silencer; 3) A shroud that is attached to, or partially or completely encircles, the barrel and that permits the shooter to hold the firearm without being burned (except a slide that encloses the barrel); or 4) A second hand grip;
• A semi-automatic shotgun that has both of the following features: 1) A folding or telescoping stock; or 2) Any grip of the weapon, including a pistol grip, a thumbhole stock, or any other stock, the use of which would allow an individual to grip the weapon, resulting in any finger on the trigger hand in addition to the trigger finger being directly below any portion of the action of the weapon when firing;
• A semiautomatic, centerfire rifle that has: 1) a fixed magazine that can accept more than 10 rounds of ammunition; or 2) an overall length of less than 30 inches;
• A semiautomatic pistol with a fixed magazine that has the ability to accept more than 10 rounds of ammunition;
• A semiautomatic shotgun that can accept a detachable magazine; or
• A shotgun with a revolving cylinder.^[21]

Connecticut also bans listed makes and models of semiautomatic firearms and copies of those firearms. Grandfather clauses and other exceptions apply, depending.^[21]

Hawaii

Hawaiian law bans the manufacture, possession, sale or other transfer of what it defines as assault pistols. Hawaii defines an "assault pistol" as a semiautomatic handgun that accepts a detachable magazine and that has two or more of:

• An ammunition magazine that attaches to the pistol outside of the pistol grip;
• A threaded barrel capable of accepting a barrel extender, flash suppressor, forward hand grip, or silencer;
• A shroud that is attached to or partially or completely encircles the barrel and that permits the shooter to hold the firearm with the second hand without being burned;
• A manufactured weight of 50 ounces or more when the pistol is unloaded;
• A centerfire pistol with an overall length of 12 inches or more; or
• A semiautomatic version of an automatic firearm.^[23]

In tandem with the assault pistol ban is a law that bans the manufacture, possession, sale or other transfer of detachable ammunition magazines with capacities greater than 10 rounds that are capable of use with a pistol.^[37]

Hawaii was one of seven U.S. states to have an assault weapons ban in place prior to the September 2004 sunset of the now defunct federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.^[38]

Maryland

Maryland law prohibits the possession, sale, transfer, purchase, receipt, or transportation into the state of assault weapons defined as assault pistols and assault long guns. Maryland's definition of an "assault long gun" includes a list of 45 specific firearms or their copies, with certain variations. Maryland's definition of an "assault pistol" includes a list of 15 specific firearms or their copies, with certain variations. Maryland also defines an assault weapon "copycat weapon" as:

• A semiautomatic centerfire rifle that can accept a detachable magazine and has any two of the following: a folding stock; a grenade or flare launcher; or a flash suppressor;
• A semiauto centerfire rifle that has a fixed magazine with the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds;
• A semiauto centerfire rifle that has an overall length of less than 29 inches;
• A semiauto pistol with a fixed magazine that can accept more than 10 rounds;
• A semiauto shotgun that has a folding stock; or
• A shotgun with a revolving cylinder.^[24]

In tandem with the assault weapons ban is a law that bans the manufacture, possession, sale or other transfer of detachable magazines with capacities greater than 20 rounds.^[39]

Maryland was one of seven U.S. states to have an assault weapons ban in place prior to the September 2004 sunset of the now defunct federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.^[38]

Massachusetts

Massachusetts law bans the sale, transfer, or possession of assault weapons not otherwise lawfully possessed on September 13, 1994. Massachusetts defines "assault weapon" by the definition of "semiautomatic assault weapon" in the federal assault weapons ban of 1994. That definition included:

• A list of firearms by name and copies of those firearms;
• Semi-automatic rifles and pistols capable of accepting a detachable magazine and having at least two specified characteristics; and
• Semi-automatic shotguns having at least two specified characteristics.^[25]

In tandem with the assault weapons ban is a law that bans the sale, transfer, or possession of a large capacity feeding device unless such device was lawfully possessed on September 13, 1994. The definition of "large capacity feeding device" included: a fixed or detachable magazine, box, drum, feed strip or similar device capable of accepting, or that can be readily converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition or more than 5 shotgun shells; or a large capacity ammunition feeding device as defined in the federal assault weapons ban of 1994.^[40]

Massachusetts was one of seven U.S. states to have an assault weapons ban in place prior to the September 2004 sunset of the now defunct federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.^[38]

New Jersey

In May 1990, New Jersey became the second state in the U.S. to pass an assault weapons ban, after California. At the time, it was the toughest assault weapons ban in the nation.^[41] AR-15 platform, semi-automatic rifles are illegal in New Jersey, and owning and publicly carrying other guns require separate licensing processes.^[42]

Although it is commonly referred to as an assault weapons ban, New Jersey's law actually uses the term "assault firearm" to define banned and regulated guns. Some New Jersey gun advocates have called its laws "draconian." Attorney Evan Nappen, author of several books on New Jersey gun laws, says the term is "misapplied and carries with it a pejorative meaning."^[42]

New York

New York law bans the manufacture, transport, disposal or possession of an assault weapon in the state. It defines an "assault weapon" as:

• A semi-automatic rifle or pistol able to accept a detachable magazine and that has at least one from a list of characteristics;
• A semi-automatic shotgun that has at least one from a list of characteristics; or
• A revolving cylinder shotgun.^[27]

In tandem with the assault weapons ban is a law that bans the manufacture, transport, disposal or possession of a "large capacity ammunition feeding device," defined as: "a magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device that: 1) has a capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than ten rounds of ammunition; 2) contains more than seven rounds of ammunition; or 3) is obtained after January 15, 2013 and has a capacity of, or can be readily restored or converted to accept more than seven rounds of ammunition."^[43]

New York was one of seven U.S. states to have an assault weapons ban in place prior to the September 2004 sunset of the now defunct federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.^[38]

Local assault weapons bans

Some local governments have laws that ban or restrict the possession of assault weapons.

District of Columbia

A Washington, D.C. law banning the possession of assault weapons was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2011.^[44]

Illinois

The law that set up Illinois' concealed carry system in 2013 also established state preemption for certain areas of gun law, including restrictions on assault weapons. Laws passed before July 20, 2013 are grandfathered in, and a number of local governments in the Chicago area have laws that either prohibit or regulate the possession of firearms that they define as assault weapons.^[45] These include the city of Chicago^[46] and Cook County.^[47] On December 7, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to grant a writ of certiorari to take up a challenge brought against a decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit which had upheld a local law banning assault weapons and large-capacity magazines in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park, Illinois.^[48] In refusing to hear the case, the Supreme Court allowed the ruling to stand and the ban to remain in place.

Indiana

In March 1989 the Northwest Indiana cities of Gary and East Chicago city councils passed ordinances prohibiting both sale and possession of assault weapons. Gary City Councilman Vernon G. Smith (D-4th) sponsored the ordinance making it a crime to possess or sell assault-type weapons.^[49] Both of these ordinances were invalidated under statewide pre-emption legislation enacted by the Indiana General Assembly and signed into law by Governor Mitch Daniels in 2011.

Massachusetts

Boston has a law prohibiting the possession or transfer of assault weapons without a license from the Boston Police Commissioner.^[50]

References