Athena Promachos

Idealised view of the Acropolis and Athena Promachos carrying a great spear in her right hand (rather than with an owl as indicated from copies and coins), by the painter Leo von Klenze in 1846, who portrayed the great statue of Athena Promachos as visible from far away, as reported in ancient texts

The Athena Promachos (Ἀθηνᾶ Πρόμαχος "Athena who fights in the front line") was a colossal bronze statue of Athena sculpted by Pheidias, which stood between the Propylaea[1] and the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. Athena was the tutelary deity of Athens and the goddess of wisdom and warriors. Pheidias also sculpted two other figures of Athena on the Acropolis, the huge gold and ivory ("chryselephantine") cult image of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon and the Lemnian Athena.

The designation Athena Promachos is not attested before a dedicatory inscription of the early fourth century CE;[2] Pausanias (1.28.2) referred to it as "the great bronze Athena" on the Acropolis.

History

The Athena Promachos was one of the earliest recorded works by Pheidias. It was erected during the Classical period of Ancient Greek culture, approximately 456 BCE. It was made with the Persian spoils of the Battle of Marathon, won some years earlier. Parts of the marble base remain; according to the preserved inscription, it measured about 10 m (30 ft) high.[3] It showed Athena standing with a spear alongside, her shield resting upright against her leg, and her right arm extended, bearing a winged figure in that hand. The statue was so large it is said that the tip of the spear and her helmet crest were visible at sea, off Cape Sounion.[4]

Surviving accounts for the creation process for the sculpture cover nine years, but the dates are not identifiable, because the names of officials are missing.[5] The sculpture may have commemorated Kimon's defeat of the Persians at the Eurymedon in 467 or the peace of Kallias in approximately 450 or 449.[6]

The appearance of the Athena Promachos may be identified certainly only on a few Attic coins minted during Roman times, in the first and second centuries CE, providing clues to identifying versions in surviving sculptures, with varying confidence. They show that she wore a belted garment and stretched forward her right hand on which a winged figure may be seen. A spear leans against one shoulder and her shield, which we know was made separately by different artists, rests on the ground. Sometimes the plinth is indicated. Sometimes her crested helmet is rendered as Attic in type, sometimes Corinthian.[7]

Athena Promachos stood[8] overlooking her city for approximately 1000 years, until shortly after 465 CE,[9] when the sculpture was transported to Constantinople (capital of the Eastern Roman Empire) as a trophy in the "Oval Forum", which became the last bastion and safe haven for many surviving Greek bronze sculptures under the protection of the Eastern Empire's Imperial court.

The Athena Promachos was destroyed in 1203 by a superstitious mob who thought she was beckoning the crusaders who had besieged the city.[10]

Of surviving models thought to represent the type, the two outstanding ones are the Athena Elgin, a small bronze statuette in the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[11] who bears an owl in her outstretched hand (as among some coin types), and the Athena Medici torso in the Musée du Louvre,[12] of which there are a number of replicas.

Notes

  1. ↑ Its surviving base shows that it was aligned with the old Propylon, before the construction of the existing "new" Propylaea.
  2. ↑ Birte Lundgreen, "A Methodological Enquiry: The Great Bronze Athena by Pheidias" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 117 (1997, pp. 190-197) p 198. Lundgreen usefully assembles the literature.
  3. ↑ Dinsmoor, William Bell. 1921. "Attic building accounts. IV. The statue of Athena Promachos.", American Journal of Archaeology 25/2, pp 118-129.
  4. ↑ "There is first a bronze Athena, tithe from the Persians who landed at Marathon. It is the work of Pheidias, but the reliefs upon the shield, including the fight between Centaurs and Lapithae, are said to be from the chisel of Mys, for whom they say Parrhasius the son of Evenor, designed this and the rest of his works. The point of the spear of this Athena and the crest of her helmet are visible to those sailing to Athens, as soon as Sunium is passed." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.28.2
  5. ↑ Stewart; Lundgreen 1997:191
  6. ↑ Walsh 1981
  7. ↑ Lundgreen 1997:191. Lundgreen rejects as useful evidence reliefs on Attic and Roman lamps and Byzantine manuscript illuminations.
  8. ↑ Some references casually refer to her as "sitting".
  9. ↑ Lundgreen 1997:190.
  10. ↑ Jenkins 1947
  11. ↑ MMA acc. no. 50.11.1. Height 0.149 m.
  12. ↑ MA 3070. Height 2.6 m.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Athena Promachos.

Coordinates: 37°58′18″N 23°43′33″E / 37.97167°N 23.72583°E / 37.97167; 23.72583

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/20/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.