Japanese government-issued dollar in Malaya and Borneo

Japanese government-issued dollar in Malaya and Borneo
Denominations
Subunit
1/100	cent
Plural	dollars
cent	cents
Symbol	$
Banknotes	1, 5, 10, 50 cents. 1, 5, 10, 100, 1000 dollars.
Coins	none
Demographics
User(s)	Federated Malay States  Straits Settlements  North Borneo  Kingdom of Sarawak  Brunei
Issuance
Central bank	Japanese government
Valuation
Pegged with	Japanese Yen
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

Banana banknotes in the possession of civilian internees at Batu Lintang camp, Sarawak, Borneo. The term "banana money" originates from the motifs of banana trees on the currency's 10 dollar banknote, seen here at the bottom.

The Japanese government-issued dollar was a form of currency issued for use within the Imperial Japan-occupied territories of Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei between 1942 and 1945. The currency was also referred informally (and with more than a trace of contempt) as banana money (Malay: duit pisang), named as such because of the motifs of banana trees on 10 dollar banknotes. The Japanese dollar was in widespread use within the occupied territories where the previous currency became a scarcity. The currency were referred to as "dollars" and "cents" like its predecessors, the Straits dollar, Malayan dollar, Sarawak dollar and British North Borneo dollar.

The Japanese dollar was one of several forms of Japanese invasion money issued throughout the then newly expanded Empire of Japan. Similar currencies were issued in Burma (as the Japanese rupee), the Dutch East Indies (as the Japanese gulden/roepiah), the Philippines (as the Japanese peso) and various Melanesian and Polynesian territories (as the Japanese pound).

History

Following the fall of Singapore into the hands of Imperial Japan on 15 February 1942, the Japanese introduced new currencies as a replacement of those previously in use in the occupied territories of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei. The new currency in Malaya and Singapore were issued with the same value as the Malayan dollar, and first entered circulation in 1942. As with other currencies issued by Japan in occupied territories, local residents were forced to adopt this type of currency, while existing coins were allowed until a shortage of coins required the Japanese administration release issued notes for cents. Although new coins bearing the name "Malaysia" and dated under the Japanese calendar were planned by the Osaka Mint for the region, these never made it passed the concept stage and only a few rare patterns exist.

To supply the authorities with money whenever they required it, they simply printed more notes. This resulted in hyperinflation and a severe depreciation in value of the banana note. Moreover, counterfeiting was rampant due to its lack of a serial number on many notes. Increasing inflation coupled with Allied disruption of Japan's economy forced the Japanese administration to issue banknotes of larger denominations and increase the amount of money in circulation.^[1] Sharp drops in the currency's value and increased price of goods frequently occurred following a Japanese defeat in battle abroad.^[1]

Different denominations of the banana money (top and left) on display at Memories at Old Ford Factory, Singapore. As banana money was rendered worthless immediately after World War II, banana money notes are now either museum exhibits or collectors' items.

After the surrender of Japan, the currency became entirely worthless, and to this day the Japanese government has refused to exchange these currencies. Some locals managed to escape poverty because they had hidden Straits dollars and Malayan dollars, the previous currencies before the Japanese invaded. Those with hidden stashes of the old dollars were thus able to use them the moment the British resumed control of Singapore and surrounding colonies, when they became valid again. A number of surviving banknotes were stamped as war souvenirs, while its use as printing paper for rudimentary calendars for 1946 was also recorded.^[1] When these notes became obsolete, punch holes were made in the notes to indicate they had been "cancelled" and stripped of redeemable value.

The present value of the currency as a collector's item remains mixed depending on their condition, the presence of serial numbers, the use of woven paper, and their use as specimens.^[1] Common notes lacking serial numbers are still worth below their printed value, while rarer versions are worth slightly over or several times their printed value.^[1] Notes stamped as war souvenirs are currently rare, while notes with 1946 calendar overprints fetch about RM3,000 (as of September 2006).^[1]

Ten dollar-sized leaflets reprinting the ten dollar note's obverse were also airdropped by British air forces during the Japanese occupation as a warning to the population on the potential worthlessness of the currency in the event of Japanese defeat.^[1] Fear among the population of possessing the leaflet lead to their rarity and present high value (at an estimated RM3,000 as of September 2006).^[1]

Banknotes

The currency – both dollars and cents – was released solely in the form of banknotes, as metals were considered essential to the war effort. The notes retain certain features that were common among preceding currencies, such as the use of the dollar and cent currency name, albeit without the use of their respective currency symbols ($ and ¢). However, the languages used on the notes were reduced to English, and Japanese at the lower edge of the notes. Each note bears different obverse and reverse designs but retains similar layouts. Intended for circulation in Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo, the notes were marked with stamped block letters that begin with "M" for "Malaya".^[1]

1, 5 and 10 dollars (1942)

The first series of notes were originally of lower denominations of 1, 5 and 10 dollars, issued in 1942. Each bear different obverse and reverse designs but retain similar layouts, with the obverse illustrating plantation crops. Additional 10 dollar notes were printed in 1944.

Cents (1942)

In September 1942, non-serialised currency notes were issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 cents as a response to a shortage of old coins.^[1] The cent notes were of a simpler design, lacking plantation crops on the obverse; the 50 cent note is an exception. The cent notes are noticeably smaller than dollar notes.

100 and 1,000 dollars (1944)

Worsened economic conditions in the following years forced the Japanese government to begin printing notes of larger denominations of 100 and 1,000 dollars in 1944.^[1] The 100 dollar notes were printed in two dramatically different versions, while the 1,000 dollar note were available in only one version. Illustration on the notes center more around images of rural life. The 100 and 1,000 dollar notes were the last new notes introduced before the surrender of Imperial Japan in August 1945.

Complete issue of Japanese invasion money - Malaya and Borneo (1942-45)

1942-45 complete issue of Japanese invasion money (Malaya and Borneo)

Image	Value	Issue date[2]	Printing blocks[2]	Images[2]
	1 Cent	1942	[nb 1]
	5 Cents	1942	[nb 1]
	10 Cents	1942	[nb 1]
	50 Cents	1942	MA–MT	O: Traveller's palm
	1 Dollar	1942	MA–MO MR–MS	O: Breadfruit tree (left), coconut palm (right)
	5 Dollars	1942	MA–MK MO–MP MR	O: Coconut palm (left), pawpaw tree (right)
	10 Dollars	1944	MB–MP	O: Banana tree, guava tree and coconut palm, flanked by coconut palms to the far left and far right R: Beach facing the sea with a modern ship on the horizon
	100 Dollars	1944	BA	O: Palm trees and Malay house by water R: Man and water buffaloes in a stream
	100 Dollars	1945	BA	O: Laborers at a rubber plantation R: Stilted attap Malay houses by a seashore
	1,000 Dollars	1945	BA	O: Oxcart R: Man and water buffaloes in a stream

Other Japanese government-issued invasion currencies

• Japanese government-issued Philippine peso
• Japanese government-issued rupee in Burma
• Japanese government-issued currency in the Netherlands Indies
• Japanese government-issued Oceanian Pound

See also

Footnotes

References

Publications

• Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2010). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues (1368-1960) (13 ed.). Krause. ISBN 978-1-4402-1293-2. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese government-issued dollars in Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei.

• The Global History of Currencies (GHOC)