Bangorian Controversy
The Bangorian Controversy was a theological argument within the Church of England in the early 18th century, with strong political overtones. The origins of the controversy lay in the 1716 posthumous publication of George Hickes's Constitution of the Catholic Church, and the Nature and Consequences of Schism. In it, Hickes, on behalf of the small minority faction who had broken away from the Church of England after the Glorious Revolution, as Bishop of Thetford excommunicated all but the non-juror churchmen. Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, wrote a reply entitled, Preservative against the Principles and Practices of Non-Jurors; in it his own Erastian position was sincerely proposed as the only test of truth.
The controversy itself began very visibly and vocally when Hoadly delivered a sermon on 31 March 1717 to George I of Great Britain on The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ. His text was John 18:36, "My kingdom is not of this world," and from that Hoadly deduced, supposedly at the request of the king himself, that there is no Biblical justification for any church government of any sort. He identified the church with the kingdom of Heaven—it was therefore not of this world, and Christ had not delegated His authority to any representatives.
Background
Two competing visions of government were in play. On the one hand, there was a vision of God appointing the king and the bishops to be leaders, selecting them from all others and imbuing them with special characters, either through grace or in creation. This view held that the king, as the head of the Established Church, was not merely a secular leader of a state, but also a religious primate. Power and regulation flowed downward from God to the people. This was the aristocratic model that was favoured by the Tory party and which had been used to propose the divine right of kings.
The other view was that power flowed up from the people to the leaders, that leaders were no more intrinsically better than those led, and that God gives out revelation freely. This Whig view was also the view of the Puritans and the "Independents" (i.e., the various Congregational and Baptist churches, Quakers, etc.).
George I favoured the Whig party in Parliament and favoured a latitudinarian ecclesiastical policy in general. This was probably not due to any desire to give up royal prerogative, but rather to break the power of the aristocracy and the House of Lords. A significant obstacle to all kings of England had been the presence of bishops in the Lords. While a king could create peers, it was much more difficult for him to move bishops into and out of the Lords.
Sermon and aftermath
The sermon was immediately published and instantly drew counter-attacks. William Law (Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor) and Thomas Sherlock (dean of Chichester), in particular, gave vigorous defences of church polity. Hoadly himself wrote A Reply to the Representations of Convocation to answer Sherlock, Andrew Snape, provost of Eton, and Francis Hare, then dean of Worcester. These three men, and another opponent, Robert Moss, dean of Ely, were deprived of their royal chaplaincies by the king. Hoadly did not, however, attempt to answer William Law. It has been claimed that, in all, over 200 pamphlets linked to the controversy were published, by 53 writers; of those, 74 were published in July 1717.[1][2][3]
In May 1717, the Convocation appointed a committee to study the sermon. When the report was ready for synodal sanction against Hoadly, the king dismissed the convocation, which did not meet again for over 130 years.
Timeline of publications
| Year | Author | Publication | Position | Replies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1716 | George Hickes (died 1715), posthumously published by Thomas Deacon[4] | The Constitution of the Catholick Church and the Nature and Consequences of Schism | Non-juror | Benjamin Hoadly, ‘A Preservative against the Principles and Practices of the Nonjurors both in Church and State, 1716.[5] |
| 1717 | Andrew Snape | Letters to the Bishop of Bangor[6] | High Church | |
| 1717 | Thomas Sherlock | Remarks on the Bishop of Bangor's Treatment of the Clergy and Convocation and other works[7] | High Church | |
| 1717 | William Law | Three Letters to the Bishop of Bangor, from 1717.[8] | Non-juror of the Hanoverian succession[9] | |
| 1718 | Robert Moss | The Report Vindicated from Misreports[10] | High Church | |
| 1718 | Thomas Herne | A letter to the Reverend Dr. Edward Tenison, concerning some citations made from ... the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury's preliminary discourse to the Apostolical fathers, in a paper lately published, intituled, A letter to the Reverend the Prolocutor: being an answer to a paper, &c. By the author of that letter[11] | Supporter of Hoadley and Tenison | |
| 1719 | Francis Hare | Church Authority Vindicated[12] | High Church | Hoadly, An Answer to Dr. Hare's Sermon, intituled “Church Authority vindicated,” 1720.[5][13] |
See also
References
- ↑ "Outlines of the History of the Theological Literature of the Church of England (1897)". Anglicanhistory.org. Retrieved March 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar - Innocent - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. Retrieved March 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "History of English thought in the eighteenth century". Archive.org. Retrieved March 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑
"Hickes, George". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. - 1 2 "Hoadly, Benjamin (1676-1761)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ↑ "Snape, Andrew". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ↑ "Sherlock, Thomas". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ↑ "§5. Law's Controversial Writings against Hoadly, Mandeville and Tindal. XII. William Law and the Mystics. Vol. 9. From Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 190721". Bartleby.com. Retrieved March 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Law, William (1686-1761)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ↑ Warner, Rebecca Louise. "Moss, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19403. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ A Letter to the Reverend Dr. Edward Tenison, Concerning Some Citations Made from .... the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury's Preliminary Discourse to the Apostolical Fathers, in a Paper Lately Published, Intituled, A Letter to the Reverend the Prolocutor: Being an Answer to a Paper, &c. By the Author of that Letter at Google Books
- ↑ "Hare, Francis". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ↑ Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "Read the ebook Catalogue of the printed books in the library of Merton College by Merton College. Library". Ebooksread.com. Retrieved March 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help)
Further reading
- Cross, F. A., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 1964. London: Oxford University Press.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bangorian Controversy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Church of England and the Bangorian controversy, 1716-1721. Andrew Starkie: 2007: Boydell Press.