Battle of Al Wajbah

Battle of Al Wajbah
Date March 1893 Location Qatar Result Qatari victory; Relinquishment of Qatari captives Eventual independence of Qatar from the Ottoman Empire
Belligerents
Al Thani and allied tribes	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani	Mehmed Hafiz Pasha Yusuf Effendi
Strength
Between 3,000 and 4,000[1]	Between 200[1] and 300[2]
Casualties and losses
400 killed (including civilians)[3]	Between 11[3] and 117[4] killed

The Battle of Al Wajbah was an armed conflict that took place in March 1893 in Qatar, a province of the Ottoman Empire's Najd sanjak at that time. The conflict was initiated after Ottoman officials imprisoned 14 Qatari tribal leaders and ordered a column of troops to march toward the Al Thani stronghold in the town of Al Wajbah in response to kaymakam Jassim Al Thani's insubordination to Ottoman authority.^[5]

The main battle took place in Al Wajbah Fort. After the Ottomans' unsuccessful attempt at seizing the fort, they retreated first to Shebaka Fort, and then to their fort in Al Bidda. Shortly after, Al Thani's troop besieged the fortress and cut off the water supply of the neighbourhood, resulting in the concession of defeat by the Ottomans. Following this was an agreement to relinquish the Qatari captives in return for the safe passage of Mehmed Pasha's cavalry to Hofuf by land.^[3]

Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman Empire, the result of the battle is seen by Qataris as a defining moment in the establishment of Qatar as a modern state.^[6]

Background

Beginning in the late 19th century, the Ottoman Empire started campaigning to incorporate the provinces of Eastern Arabia into their empire. After establishing themselves on Al-Hasa coast, they advanced towards Qatar, which had come to serve as a base of operations for Bedouins who opposed Ottoman rule. In 1871, in an attempt to secure a landing for Ottoman troops, they sent an envoy bearing an Ottoman flag to the proclaimed ruler of the Qatari Peninsula, Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani. He accepted and flew the flag, and by December of that year had authorised the Ottomans to send military equipment and 100 troops to Al Bidda.^[5] In January 1872, Qatar was formally incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province in Najd with Al Thani being appointed its kaymakam (sub-governor). Most Qataris were allowed to retain their previous positions in the new administration.^[5]

Despite the disapproval of local tribes, Al Thani continued supporting Ottoman rule. However, Qatari-Ottoman relations soon stagnated, and in 1882 they suffered further setbacks when the Ottomans refused to aid Al Thani in his expedition of Abu Dhabi-occupied Khawr al Udayd.^[7] Al Thani fell out of favour with the Ottomans after they received complaints from Qataris regarding his oppressions from 1885 to 1886.^[8] In a further blow to bilateral relations, the Ottomans supported the Ottoman subject Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab who attempted to supplant Al Thani as kaymakam of Qatar in 1888.^[7]

In 1890, the Ottomans attempted to further consolidate their influence over Qatar by imposing numerous administrative reforms, increasing taxes and stationing additional troops in their garrison at Al Bidda. This eventually led Al Thani to rebel against the Ottomans, whom he believed were seeking to usurp control of the peninsula. He resigned as kaymakam and stopped paying taxes in August 1892.^[9]

Chronology

Negotiations

In October 1892, an Ottoman army comprising approximately 200 men led by the governor of Basra, Mehmed Hafiz Pasha, was sent to Qatar in response to Al Thani's transgressions.^[1] They arrived in February 1893, with further reinforcements en route from Kuwait. Al Thani, fearing that he would face death or imprisonment, fled first to Al Daayen,^[10] and then to Al Wajbah Fort (10 miles west of Doha) where he was accompanied by several Qatari tribes.^[2]

Mehmed sent a letter to Al Thani demanding that he disband his troops and pledge loyalty to the Ottomans. However, Al Thani remained adamant in his refusal to comply with Ottoman authority, and, additionally, refused to meet with Mehmed himself on the basis of ill health. Instead, he appointed his brother, Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Thani, as his emissary. In March, after a month of back-and-forth parleying, Mehmed lost patience and imprisoned Al Thani's brother and between 13 and 16 prominent Qatari tribal leaders on the Ottoman corvette Merrikh.^[2][11] He also blockaded the town of Al Wajbah.^[2]

Al Thani offered to pay a fee of ten thousand liras in return for the captives' release, but Mehmed declined his offer.^[12]

Battle

After declining Al Thani's offer, Mehmed ordered a column of troops to advance towards Al Wajbah Fort under the command of general Yusuf Effendi.^[12] Shortly after Effendi's troops arrived at Al Wajbah, they came under heavy gunfire from Qatari infantry and cavalry troops, which totalled 3,000 to 4,000 men. After seven hours of exchange of gunfire,^[10] the Ottomans retreated to Shebaka fortress, where they sustained further casualties from a Qatari incursion.^[3] The Ottomans also lost contact with their incoming reinforcements from Kuwait, as their messages had been intercepted by Qatari Bedouins.^[4]

The Ottoman troops retreated for a third time, to their fortress in Al Bidda, where their corvette was stationed. They proceeded to fire indiscriminately at the townspeople, killing a number of civilians.^[2] Shortly after, Al Thani's advancing column besieged the fortress and cut off the water supply of the neighbourhood. Without water and lacking in supplies, the Ottomans conceded defeat and agreed to relinquish the Qatari captives in return for the safe passage of Mehmed's cavalry to Hofuf by land.^[3]

Aftermath

Out of fear of further rebellion, the Ottoman government granted Al Thani a full pardon.^[13] Furthermore, the Ottoman sultan, Abdülhamid II, deposed Mehmed Hafiz Pasha as governor of Basra.^[10] Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman Empire until 1915, the result of the battle further consolidated the Al Thani rule over the country.^[14] It is also seen by Qataris as a defining moment in the establishment of Qatar as a modern state.^[6]

References

Bibliography

• Althani, Mohamed (2013). Jassim the Leader: Founder of Qatar. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1781250709. 
• Anscombe, Frederick F. (1997). The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudia Arabia, and Qatar. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231108393. 
• Casey, Paula; Vine, Peter (1991). The heritage of Qatar (print ed.). Immel Publishing. ISBN 978-0907151500. 
• Fromherz, Allen (13 April 2012). Qatar: A Modern History. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-910-2. Retrieved 7 December 2014. 
• Rahman, Habibur (2006). The Emergence Of Qatar. Routledge. ISBN 978-0710312136. 
• Zahlan, Rosemarie Said (1979). The creation of Qatar (print ed.). Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0064979658.