Battle of Westerplatte

Battle of Westerplatte
Part of Invasion of Poland, World War II

German soldiers on Westerplatte after the battle. Sometimes called the "Polish Verdun" due to the heavy shelling the Poles received.[1]:39
DateSeptember 1–7, 1939
LocationWesterplatte, Free City of Danzig
54°24′27″N 18°40′17″E / 54.40750°N 18.67139°E / 54.40750; 18.67139Coordinates: 54°24′27″N 18°40′17″E / 54.40750°N 18.67139°E / 54.40750; 18.67139
Result German victory
Belligerents
Poland Poland  Germany
Free City of Danzig Free City of Danzig[2]
Commanders and leaders
Poland Henryk Sucharski
Poland Franciszek Dąbrowski		 Nazi Germany Friedrich-Georg Eberhardt
Nazi Germany Gustav Kleikamp
Nazi Germany Wilhelm Henningsen †
Strength
209 soldiers ~3,400 soldiers and policemen
1 pre-dreadnought
2 torpedo boats
60 dive bombers
Casualties and losses
15–20 dead
53 wounded
Remainder captured		 200-300 dead or wounded

The Battle of Westerplatte was the first battle in the Invasion of Poland and marked the start of the Second World War in Europe. Beginning on September 1, 1939, German naval forces and soldiers and Danzig police assaulted the Polish Military Transit Depot (Wojskowa Składnica Tranzytowa, or WST) on the peninsula of Westerplatte, in the harbour of the Free City of Danzig. The Poles held out for seven days in the face of a heavy attack that included dive bomber attacks.

The defense of Westerplatte served as an inspiration for the Polish Army and people in the face of successful German advances elsewhere, and today is still regarded as a symbol of resistance to the invasion. The site is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated September 1, 2003 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

Background

The League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig allowed Poland to keep only 82 soldiers on Westerplatte, who guarded naval ammunition stores agreed to by the Danzig Senate in 1921. However, on 6 March 1933, Poland attempted to reinforce the garrison with 120 additional troops, but this caused an uproar, and Poland was forced to withdraw the excess troops.[3]:315–316

The WST was separated from the New Port of the Free City of Danzig (present day Gdańsk) by the harbour channel, with only a small pier connecting them to the mainland; the Polish-held part of the Westerplatte was separated from the territory of Danzig by a brick wall. Fortifications built at Westerplatte were in fact not very impressive: there were no real bunkers or underground tunnels, there were only five small concrete outposts (guardhouses) hidden in the peninsula's forest and a large barracks prepared for defense, supported by a network of field fortifications such as trenches and barricades.[4] Several of the buildings were reinforced with concrete, which enabled them to withstand seven days of attacks.[1]:54

Prelude

By late August, the Poles had increased the number of troops from 88 to 210, equipped with one 3in field gun, two 1.5in antitank guns, four mortars, and several medium machine guns. They created seven field works, placowka, and made reinforced concrete shelters in the basement of the barracks and NCO villa.[5]:11–12

At the end of August 1939, the German pre-dreadnought battleship Schleswig-Holstein sailed to Danzig under the pretext of a courtesy visit and anchored in the channel 164 yards (150 m) from Westerplatte. On board was the Marinestosstruppkompanie with orders to launch an attack against the Westerplatte on the morning of August 26. However, shortly before disembarkation, the order to attack was rescinded. As a result of Britain and Poland having signed the Polish-British Common Defence Pact on August 25, and also being informed that Italy was hesitant in fulfilling its obligations regarding the Pact of Steel, Adolf Hitler postponed the opening of hostilities.[6]

The Germans had an SS-Heimwehr force of 1500 men led by Police General Friedrich-Georg Eberhardt and 225 Marines under Lieutenant Wilhelm Henningsen to attack the depot. Overall command was handed to Captain Gustav Kleikamp aboard the Schleswig-Holstein. He moved his ship farther upstream on August 26. Major Henryk Sucharski put his garrison on heightened alert.[5]:12

Neither General Eberhardt nor Captain Kleikamp had specific information on the Polish defences at Westerplatte. It was assumed that the preliminary bombardment would soften up the fortifications enough to allow the naval commandos to capture it.[2] According to Schleswig Holstein's bandmaster, Oberleutnant Willi Aurich, Danzig police had assured the Germans that "the Westerplatte would be taken in 10 minutes."[7]

Battle

On September 1, 1939, at 0448 local time, Germany began its invasion of Poland, starting World War II; the Schleswig-Holstein suddenly opened broadside salvo fire on the Polish garrison held by 182 soldiers and 27 civilian reservists. Sucharski radioed Hel Peninsula "SOS: I'm under fire".[5]:12 Three holes were made in the perimeter wall and oil warehouses were blazing in the southeastern sector. Eight minutes later, Lieutenant Wilhelm Henningsen's crack marines storm unit from the Schleswig-Holstein advanced in three platoons while the Wehrmacht's Pioneers blew up the railroad gate going on the land-bridge, expecting an easy victory over the surprised Poles.[8] Staff Sergeant Wojciech Najsarek, a Polish soldier, was killed by machine-gun fire, the first combat death of both the battle and war. However, soon after crossing the artillery-breached brick wall, the attackers suddenly came into a well-prepared ambush. German soldiers found themselves caught in a kill zone of Polish crossfire from concealed firing points (the Germans believed they were also fired on by snipers hidden in the trees, but in reality that was not the case), while barbed wire entanglements effectively blocked quick movements. The Poles knocked out a machine gun nest at the German Schupo and Lt. Leon Pająk opened intense howitzer fire on the advancing Germans, who faltered and stopped their attack. The single 76.2 mm field gun knocked out machine-gun nests on top of the warehouses across the harbour canal, but was destroyed by the ship's guns after firing 28 shots.[5]:12[9]

"The tactics of outpost commanders, who lured the Germans into a fire trap, letting them advance into the line of fire, contributed to these heavy losses. The Polish mortar fire, guided precisely by observers from protruding positions, added to the destruction. The system of barriers secretly prepared by the WST soldiers in the spring and summer of 1939 made it difficult for the Germans to move around the park that was Westerplatte (once a popular spa)."[10]
Map of the battle

At 0622, the Marines frantically radioed the ship they had heavy losses and were withdrawing, Danzig Police had tried to seize control of the harbor on the other side of Westerplatte but were defeated.[5]:13 Casualties were 50 Germans and 8 Poles. The Germans tried again at 0855 but met mines, fallen trees, barbed wire and intense fire.[5]:13 By noon the SS men fled and Henningsen was mortally wounded.[5]:13[11] The initial assault was crushed and a second attack that morning (after an artillery barrage of 90 280 mm shells, 407 150 mm shells and 366 88 mm shells) was repelled as well, the Germans suffering unexpectedly high losses. The Poles eventually retreated from the Wał and Prom outposts (and for a time also from Fort), tightening the ring of defence around the New Barracks in the centre of the peninsula. On the first day of combat, the Polish side lost one man killed and seven wounded (three died later, including two of them who were captured and died in a German hospital). On the other side, the German naval infantry lost 16 killed in action and some 120 wounded (injuries of various gravity), the majority out of the 225 men deployed.[12] The German losses would have been even greater had not the Polish commander, Major Sucharski, ordered the mortar crews to cease fire in order to conserve ammunition, issued after firing just a few salvos (because of this order only 104 out of their 860 shells were spent when the mortars were destroyed on the next day).

Schleswig-Holstein firing at Westerplatte

On the following days, the Germans bombarded the peninsula with naval and heavy field artillery, including a 210 mm howitzer, turning it into World War I-style moonscape. Eberhardt convinced General Fedor von Bock a ground attack was not possible. A devastating two-wave air raid by 60 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers on September 2 (the total of 26.5 tons of bombs) took out the Polish mortars, directly hit guardhouse 5 (destroying it completely with a 500 kg bomb) and killed at least eight Polish soldiers; the air raid covered the whole area of Westerplatte in enormous clouds of smoke and destroyed their only radio and all their food supplies;[5]:13 German observers believed that no one could possibly have survived such bombing.[9]

On the night of 3–4 September more German attacks were repelled. On September 4 a German torpedo boat T-196 (ex G196) made a surprise attack from the seaside. The "Wał" post had been abandoned and now only "Fort" position prevented an attack from the north side.[5]:14

On September 5, a shell-shocked Sucharski held a war council and urged the surrender of Westerplatte, considering they were only supposed hold out for twelve hours.[5]:11,14 However, his deputy, Captain Franciszek Dąbrowski, opposed him[5]:14 and briefly took over command.

Several cautious probing attacks by the German naval infantry, Danzig SS and police and Wehrmacht were again repulsed by the Poles; at 0300 on 6 Sept., during one of these attacks, they sent a burning train against the land bridge, but this failed when the terrified driver decoupled too early.[5]:14 It failed to reach the oil cistern and set ablaze the forest, valuable for cover. The flaming wagons gave a perfect field of fire and the Germans suffered heavy losses. A second fire-train attack came in the afternoon but it too failed.[5]:15

In the meantime, Polskie Radio continuously broadcast the message "Westerplatte still fights on" each morning of the battle.[13] A second war council was held and Sucharski was set to surrender; the German Army was now outside Warsaw and gangrene had started to appear among the wounded.[5]:15 At 0430 September 7, the Germans opened intense fire on Westerplatte which lasted to 0700. Flamethrowers destroyed Guardhouse 2 and damaged 1 and 4.[5]:15 The besieged garrison lacked sufficient water and medical supplies; Cpt. Mieczysław Słaby, the WST medical officer, was unable to maintain basic care of wounded soldiers.

At 0945 the white flag appeared; the Polish defense had impressed the Germans so much that the German commander, General Friedrich-Georg Eberhardt, allowed Sucharski to retain his ceremonial szabla (Polish sabre) in captivity (it was apparently confiscated later).[5]:15 Contemporary English language sources ('Life' magazine and 'Pictorial History of the War') identify the Polish commander as Major Koscianski, not Sucharski.[14][15] At the same time Polish wireless operator Kazimierz Rasiński was murdered by Germans after the capitulation; after brutal interrogation, he had refused to hand over radio codes and was shot.[16]

Sucharski surrendered the post to Kleikamp and the Germans paraded in full order when the Polish garrison marched out at 1130, still proud and erect, though exhausted.[5]:15 In all, approximately 3,400 Germans were tied up by being engaged in the week-long action against the small Polish garrison.

Aftermath

Reichskriegsflagge on Westerplatte

The exact figures of German losses remain unknown, but are now often estimated to be in range of 200 to 300 killed and wounded or sometimes more. Some of them might actually have been hit by friendly fire, in particular from the battleship, which was initially anchored too close to its target. Polish casualties were much lower, including 15 to 20 killed and 53 wounded. There is a controversy regarding the burial site discovered in 1940, containing the bodies of five unidentified Polish soldiers who were possibly executed by their comrades for attempted desertion. Eight of the prisoners of war are also said to have been tortured, and did not survive German captivity.

Major Sucharski (with a sabre) surrendering Westerplatte to General Eberhardt (saluting)

Further controversy surrounds the Polish garrison's commanding officer, Major Henryk Sucharski, and the executive officer, Captain Franciszek Dąbrowski. Major Sucharski, who survived the war but died in 1946, was promoted to the rank of generał brygady and given the highest Polish military award of Virtuti Militari, although he became a very controversial figure more recently as the previously unknown account about his role in the battle were uncovered in the 1990s (after the death of Captain Dąbrowski, as the other Polish officers vowed among themselves for their honor to not disclose in their lifetimes that their nominal commander was shell-shocked for the most of the battle). The Westerplatte became the subject of a quasi-historical dispute, which Dr. Janusz Marszalec from the Institute of National Remembrance summarized with the following:

"It (the dispute) centres on the question of who commanded the defence of Westerplatte, Maj. Henryk Sucharski or Cpt. Dąbrowski. Interestingly, this dispute does not involve historians since it is not taking place as an academic debate. It is the domain of disputes of people passionate about history on the internet and in the press, in an atmosphere of gradual and consistent repetition of various unconfirmed sources. They tend to fall into emotional states of elevation and passion, during which it is difficult to apply the principles of sine ira et studio. This dispute has gone so far beyond its narrow circle of fans of the internet, moving into the mass media as a dispute over a film script and the spending of public money on a film which aims to show the new 'truth' about the defence of Westerplatte. Without a detailed analysis of this project, one can only stress that it has nothing in common with the confirmed state of knowledge about the history of the defence of the WST Westerplatte in September 1939 ... Regardless of the disputes, Sucharski and the two hundred other defenders of the WST will remain in the circle of good memory, regardless of whether they wanted to defend it to their last bullet, or whether they contemplated putting down arms already after 12 hours of the first shot of the Schleswig-Holstein on 1 September 1939."[4]

Already during the war the defense of Westerplatte served as an inspiration for the Polish Army and people as the successful German advances continued elsewhere and even today is still regarded as a symbol of resistance to the invasion; a Polish Thermopylae.[17] The Polish poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński wrote a widely known poem about this battle, Pieśń o żołnierzach Westerplatte ("A Song of the Soldiers of Westerplatte"). The poem reflected a widespread Polish myth of the later years of the World War II that all of defenders died in the battle, fighting to the last man.[18] A Polish People's Army military unit was named in 1943 in memory of the soldiers (Polish 1st Armoured Brigade of the defenders of Westerplatte). In the years after war, several dozen schools and several ships in Poland were also named after the "Heroes of Westerplatte" or "Defenders of Westerplatte". The ruins of the peninsula's barracks and guardhouses still survive today. After the war one of the guardhouses, which had actually been moved several hundred yards inland, was converted into a museum; two shells from the Schleswig-Holstein's 280 mm guns prop up its entrance.

Order of battle

Polish soldiers being taken into captivity after the capitulation of Westerplatte. Danzig, September 7, 1939

German

Kriegsmarine ships:

Eberhardt group:

Luftwaffe:

In all, some 40-60 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka bombers and seven other aircraft (Heinkel He 51 and Junkers Ju 52) were involved in the siege of Westerplatte.

German land forces were armed with several ADGZ heavy armoured cars, about 65 artillery pieces (2 cm FlaK 30 anti-aircraft guns, 3.7 cm PaK 36 anti-tank guns, 10.5 cm leFH 18 light howitzers and 21 cm Mörser 18 heavy howitzers), over 100 machine guns, an unknown number of medium mortars and Flammenwerfer 35 flamethrowers.

Polish

By August 1939, the garrison of Westerplatte had increased to 182 soldiers and 27 civilian reservists conscripted into service after the outbreak of hostilities.

The WST was armed with one 76.2 mm wz. 02 field gun,[19] two Bofors 37 mm wz. 36 anti-tank guns, and four Stokes-Brandt 81 mm wz. 31 medium mortars. The strong side of the garrison was a disproportionately large number of machine guns at their disposal (41 machine guns, including 16 heavy machine guns). They had also 160 rifles, 40 pistols and over 1,000 hand grenades.

Film

The battle has been the subject of two Polish films: Westerplatte in 1967, and the 2013 film Tajemnica Westerplatte (The Secret of Westerplatte).[20]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westerplatte.

References

  1. 1 2 Zaloga, S.J., 2002, Poland 1939, Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., ISBN 9781841764085
  2. 1 2 3 Williamson, D. G. Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939 p. 66
  3. ↑ Watt, R.M., 1979, Bitter Glory, Barnes & Noble, Inc., ISBN 0760709971
  4. 1 2 (English) Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, p. 4
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mann, C, 2008, Great Battles of World War II, Parragon Books, ISBN 978-1407525136
  6. ↑ Piekałkiewicz, Janusz. Sea War: 1939–1945. Blandford Press, London - New York, 1987, pg. 18, ISBN 0-7137-1665-7
  7. ↑ Hargreaves, Richard. Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939 p. 120
  8. ↑ Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, Gdańsk: Muzeum II Wojny Światowej, 2008, p. 2.
  9. 1 2 (Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, Westerplatte. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.
  10. ↑ Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, p. 2
  11. ↑ (Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy., Gdańsk: GDW, 2001
  12. ↑ (Polish) The only consolation for the Germans was the massacred defenders of the post office in Danzig city.Kompania szturmowa
  13. ↑ (Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy, Gdańsk: GDW, 2001.
  14. ↑ LIFE - Google Books https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QkIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=koscianski+westerplatte&source=bl&ots=-rBazHZ-DP&sig=r8YW71YVK3iL9gITZE06VOiw1qE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf9evuyJnPAhVqB8AKHf4OCbcQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=koscianski%20westerplatte&f=false. Retrieved 2016-09-18. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ Hutchinson, Walter (1939). Pictorial History of the War (Volume 1). Virtue and Company Ltd. p. 89.
  16. ↑ Robert Jackson, Battle of the Baltic: The Wars 1918–1945 (p. 55)
  17. ↑ Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 646. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  18. ↑ Kira Gałczyńska (1998). Gałczyński. Wydawn. Dolnośląskie. p. 99. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  19. ↑ Rozdżestwieński, Paweł. Armata wz. 1902/26 w pułkach piechoty II Rzeczypospolitej, Militaria XX Wieku Nr. 1(46)/2012 (in Polish)
  20. ↑ Battle of Westerplatte at the Internet Movie Database

External links

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