Bibliography of George Washington

This is a bibliography of George Washington, a comprehensive list of written and published works about his life in general or in part and includes primary sources containing Washington's works, letters, records, diaries, etc. The literature on Washington is immense, his biographers and editors having lived in four separate centuries. Many of the publications listed here lend themselves to Washington in a biographical capacity, while many cover specific events and other topics where Washington is the central or an important figure. Publications covering subjects such as 'The Winter at Valley Forge', 'The Battle of Brooklyn' and Washington's farewell address are well placed and can be found in this bibliography. Washington was diligent about keeping records, maintained many dairies throughout his adult life, and corresponded with many prominent figures, family members and friends. At this late date nearly all of Washington's writings have been studied, transcribed, organized, edited and published by a good number of historians over the years, providing the basis by which the many biographical accounts of Washington's life have been written.

Washington overview

George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789–97), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the "father of his country", and widely considered so by many historians today. Washington left volumes of letters, diaries and other documents that historians continue to draw on for insight into Washington's life and early American history overall.

Evolution of Washington biographies

The first biographer of George Washington was Mason Weems, famous for his anecdote of the young Washington chopping down a cheery tree, i.e."I cannot tell a lie...", who first published his The Life of George Washington in 1800 and subsequently in 1804–1807^{[1][lower-alpha 2]} setting the tone for many popular biographies that eventually followed.^[4] Washington was so central to the story of the American Revolution and the government after 1787 that virtually all the early histories celebrated him as the model American and President. They were handicapped however by lack of access to his private papers and by haphazard availability of his official papers as general and president.^[5]

A number of years after Washington's death passed before much of the finer and more intimate biographical information on Washington began to emerge, as this information could only be found in Washington's letters and diaries, most of which were still in the hands of family members and other private individuals. The greater public only had access to accounts from newspapers and various official documents. It wasn't until 1833 that a more comprehensive account of Washington's personal life became known. The first such account was authored by Jared Sparks, considered the best informed man on Washington in his day^[6] and the first biographer who was given access to Washington's many letters by Washington's nephew Bushrod Washington. Sparks published The Writings of George Washington, published in twelve volumes between 1833 and 1837, and The Life of George Washington in 1839. Sparks was sometimes criticized for editing Washington's spelling, grammar and various phrases.^[7]

Chief Justice John Marshall, an ardent Federalist from Virginia, greatly admired Washington, and between 1804 and 1807 published a highly detailed five-volume biography. It greatly shaped the scholarly image of Washington for the 19th century. Marshall's Life of Washington was based on records and papers also provided to him by the Washington family and reflected Marshall's Federalist principles. His revised and condensed two-volume Life of Washington was published in 1832.^[8] Historians have often praised its accuracy and well-reasoned judgments, while noting Marshall's frequent paraphrases of published sources such as William Gordon's 1801 history of the Revolution and the British Annual Register.^[9]

In the 20th century, by far the most comprehensive biography was written by Douglas Southall Freeman in seven volumes, 1948–1957. A recent evaluation of its 3582 pages concludes, "Although a few specific interpretations have been supplanted, this remains the most comprehensive study of Washington and the best place to check for specific activities, military movements, and decisions."^[10] Freeman's research was thorough, and the story is told from Washington's own viewpoint. Freeman wrote, "the great big thing stamped across that man is character." By character, says David Hackett Fischer "Freeman meant integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others."^[11] Freeman posthumously won a Pulitzer Prize in 1958 for his work,^[12] and James T. Flexner's, George Washington: The Indispensable Man, in four volumes (1965–1972), also won the Pulitzer Prize in 2005.^[13][14] Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency: George Washington (2005) has frequently been praised as an interpretive essay. David Hackett Fischer's long, intense, microscopic study of the December 1775 campaign Washington's Crossing (2004) likewise won a Pulitzer Prize in 2005.^[15] The most recent major biography is Washington: A Life (2011) by Ron Chernow, which won Chernow a Pulitzer Prize in 2011.^[16] Chernow estimates that to date^{[lower-alpha 3]} more than 900 books have been written about George Washington.^[17] Many of these works are now in the public domain, can be freely downloaded,^{[lower-alpha 4]} and are denoted with 'eBook' following the book's entry.

Primary sources and documents

After Washington died the huge volumes of his writings and documents were bequeathed to his nephew, Bushrod Washington.^[18] Not long after Washington's death Bushrod prevailed upon several authors to write Washington's biography. He first approached Washington's old friend and compatriot John Marshall^{[lower-alpha 5]} to write a biography, offering all of Washington's letters, manuscripts and diaries to help in the effort, to which Marshall agreed, subsequently producing his five-volume biography of George Washington, first published between 1804 and 1807. With its many references to various letters and documents, Marshall's five-volume work became the sole comprehensive source for Washington and his life that served advanced readers for several decades. Finally in 1833 Bushrod also allowed Jared Sparks access to Washington's letters, and in 1839 Sparks published his two-volume, The Life of George Washington, which drew on the same abundance of primary sources. He also produced a large 12-volume work outlining Washington's writings, published between 1833 and 1837. Sparks was sometimes criticized for silently editing Washington's spelling, grammar and various phrases.^[21][22] Another major compilation of Washington's writings was published from 1889 to 1893 by historian Worthington Chauncey Ford in a fourteen-volume set of The Writings of George Washington. The next major compilation didn't appear until John Clement Fitzpatrick compiled and edited a thirty-nine volume work, also entitled, The Writings of George Washington, (1931–1944), using much of the same original manuscript sources as Sparks and Ford.^[23] Historian Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig in 1984 published what is now considered by historian John R. Alden the best edition of Washington's diaries, in six volumes.^[24]

The Library of Congress has a comprehensive bibliography,^[25] as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Washington biographer Ron Chernow estimates that to date more than 900 books have been written about George Washington.^[26]

Biographical

• Abbott, Jacob (1865). Washington. Sheldon & Company.   (eBook)
• Achenbach, Joel (2004). The Grand Idea: George Washington's Potomac and the Race to the West. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84857-0. 
• Adams, Henry (1911). "The Life of George Washington".   (eBook)
• Alden, John R. (1984). George Washington. A biography. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807141083. 
• Ambler, Charles Henry (1936). George Washington and the West. University of North Carolina Press. 
• Baker, William Spohn (1886). Character Portraits of Washington as Delineated by Historians, Orators and divines. HardPress Publishing.  (eBook)
• —— (1889). Bibliotheca Washingtoniana: A Descriptive List of the Biographies and Biographical Sketches of George Washington. Robert M. Lindsay.  (eBook}
• Bancroft, Aaron (1807). An essay on the life of George Washington. Worcester, Ma.: Thomas & Sturtevant.  (eBook)
• —— (1826). The life of George Washington, commander in chief of the American army, through the revolutionary war; and the first president of the United States. Boston, T. Bedlington.   (eBook)
• Betts, William W. (2013). The Nine Lives of George Washington. iUniverse. ISBN 9781475985177. 
• Billias, George Athan (1994). George Washington's Generals and Opponents: Their Exploits and Leadership. Da Capo Press,. ISBN 978-0-3068-0560-8. 
• Boller, Paul F. (1963). George Washington & Religion. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. OCLC 563800860. 
• Bourne, Miriam Anne (1982). First Family: George Washington And His Intimate Relations. W. W. Norton & Company. 
• Brookhiser, Richard (1996). Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82291-1. 
• Buchanan, John (2004). The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-44156-4. 
• Burns, James MacGregor; Dunn, Susan (2004). George Washington. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6936-5. 
• Carrington,, Henry Beebee (1899). Washington, the soldier. Charles Scribner's sons.   (eBook)
• Chadwick, Bruce (2005). George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4022-2610-6. 
• —— (2007). General and Mrs. Washington: The Untold Story of a Marriage and a Revolution. Sourcebooks, Inc. 
• Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-266-7.  WP article
• Claudy, C. H. (1981). Washington's home and fraternal life. Masonic Service Association. 
• Connell, Janice T. (2007) [2003]. The Spiritual Journey of George Washington. Hatherleigh Press. ISBN 978-1-5782-6248-9. 
• Washington, George (1879). Conway, Moncure Daniel, ed. George Washington and Mount Vernon. vol 1-3. Brooklyn, N.Y., Long Island Historical Society.  (eBook)
• Corey, John (1809). The life of George Washington, first president, and commander in chief of the armies of the United States of America;. M'Carty & White, New York.   (eBook)
• Cunliffe, Marcus (1982). George Washington, Man and Monument. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 58007859. 
• Dalzell, Robert F., Jr.; Dalzell, Lee Baldwin (1998). George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512114-7. 
• Decatur, Stephen, Jr.; Lear, Tobias (1933). Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, His Secretary. Houghton Mifflin. 
• Edwards, Roberta (2009). Who was George Washington?. illustrated by True Kelley. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-44892-3.  Juvenile audience
• Ellis, Joseph J. (2004). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4031-0. , Wikipedia article on book
• Espinosa, Gastón (2009). Religion and the American Presidency: George Washington to George W. Bush with Commentary and Primary Sources. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14332-5. 
• Ferling, John E. (2000). Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513409-5. 
• —— (2009). The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-465-0. 
• —— (2010) [1988]. First of Men: A Life of George Washington. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539867-0. 
• Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. Oxford, England; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.  WP article for Pulitzer Prize–winning book
• Fleming, Thomas (2006). Washington's Secret War: The Hidden History of Valley Forge. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060872939. 
• —— (2015). The Great Divide: The Conflict between Washington and Jefferson that Defined a Nation. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306822360. 
• Fishman, Ethan M.; Pederson, William D.; Rozell, Mark J., eds. (2001). George Washington, Foundation of Presidential Leadership and Character. Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96868-5. 
• Fitzpatrick, John Clement (2009) [1923]. Calendar of the Correspondence of George Washington. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-1136-5013-9. 
• —— (1933). George Washington himself; a common-sense biography written from his manuscripts,. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. 

• Flexner, James Thomas (1965). George Washington: the Forge of Experience, 1732–1775. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 426484. 
• —— (1972). George Washington: Anguish and Farewell 1793–1799. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-3162-8602-2. 
• —— (1979). Washington: The Indispensable Man. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-28605-2. 

• Ford, Paul Leicester (1898). The True George Washington. Lippincott.   (eBook)
• Fraser, Flora (2015). The Washingtons: George and Martha, "Join'd by Friendship, Crown'd by Love". Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27278-2. 
• Freeman, Douglas Southall (1948–1957). George Washington, a Biography. v.7. New York: Scribner. OCLC 732644234.  Pulitzer Prize–winning book
• Gregg, Gary L., II; Spalding, Matthew, eds. (1999). Patriot Sage: George Washington and the American Political Tradition. Wilmington, Del: ISI Books. ISBN 1-882926-38-2. 
• Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. (2002). George Washington: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-082-4. 
• —— (2005). George!: A Guide to All Things Washington. Buena Vista, Va: Mariner Pub. ISBN 0-9768238-0-2. 
• —— (2005). The Ways of Providence: Religion & George Washington. Buena Vista, Va: Mariner Pub. ISBN 0-9768238-1-0. 
• Guernsey, Lucy Ellen (1876). Washington and seventy-six. American Sunday-school Union. 
• Harvey, Tamara; O'Brien, Greg, eds. (2004). George Washington's South. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2689-X. 
• Hale, Edward Everett (1888). The life of George Washington. G. P. Putnam's sons.  {eBook)
• Harrison, Adrienne M. (2015). A Powerful Mind: The Self-Education of George Washington. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-6123-4791-2. 
• Henriques, Peter R. (2006). Realistic Visionary: A Portrait of George Washington. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-2547-9. 
• Higginbotham, Don (1987). George Washington and the American Military Tradition. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-0786-6. 
• Higginbotham, Don, ed. (2001). George Washington Reconsidered. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-2005-1. 
• —— (2002). George Washington: Uniting a Nation. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2208-3. 
• Hirschfeld, Fritz (1997). George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1135-6. 
• —— (2005). George Washington and the Jews. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 9780874139273. 
• Hofstra, Warren R., ed. (1998). George Washington and the Virginia Backcountry. Madison, Wis: Madison House. ISBN 0-945612-50-8. 
• Hughes, Rupert (1926). George Washington: The Rebel and the Patriot... New York: W. Morrow & Co. OCLC 17399028.   (eBook)
• Humphreys, David (2006). Life of General Washington. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2824-9. 

• Irving, Washington (1856). Life of George Washington. v.1. G.P. Putnam's sons.   (eBook)
• —— (1856). Life of George Washington. v.2. G.P. Putnam's sons.   (eBook)
• —— (1856). Life of George Washington. v.3. G.P. Putnam's sons.   (eBook)
• —— (1857). Life of George Washington. v.4. G.P. Putnam's sons.   (eBook)
• —— (1869). Life of George Washington. v.5. G.P. Putnam's sons.   (eBook)

• Johnson, Bradley Tyler (1894). General Washington. Appleton and Company. 
• Johnson, Paul (2005). George Washington: The Founding Father. New York: Atlas Books/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-075365-X. 
• Johnston, Elizabeth Bryant (1894). George Washington Day by Day. Library Reprints, Incorporated.  (eBook)
• Johnstone, William Jackson (1919). George Washington the Christian. Abingdon Press.  (eBook)
• Kapsch, Robert J. (2007). The Potomac Canal: George Washington and the Waterway West. Morgantown, W.V: West Virginia University Press. ISBN 978-1-933202-18-1. 
• Knollenberg, Bernhard (1964). George Washington: the Virginia period, 1732–1775. Duke University Press. ISBN 9781933202181. 
• Kwasny, Mark Vincent (1998). Washington's Partisan War, 1775–1783. Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8733-8611-1. 
• Leibiger, Stuart E. (1999). Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison, and the Creation of the American Republic. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-1882-0. 
• Lengel, Edward G. (2005). General George Washington: A Military Life. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6081-8. 
• —— (2012). A Companion to George Washington. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-1182-1992-8. 
• —— (2016). First Entrepreneur: How George Washington Built His – and the Nation's – Prosperity. Edward Lengel. ISBN 978-0-3068-2348-0. 
• Levy, Philip (2013). Where the Cherry Tree Grew: The Story of Ferry Farm, George Washington's Boyhood Home. Macmillan & Co. ISBN 978-1-2500-2314-8. 
• Lewis, Thomas A. (1993). For King and Country: The Maturing of George Washington, 1748–1760. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-0601-6777-6. 
• Lillback, Peter A.; Newcombe, Jerry (2006). George Washington's Sacred Fire. Bryn Mawr, Pa: Providence Forum Press. ISBN 0-9786052-5-X. , 1187 pages
• Lodge, Henry Cabot (1889). George Washington. v.1. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. OCLC 659431169.   (eBook)
• —— (1889). George Washington. v.2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. OCLC 659431169.   (eBook)

• Mann, Barbara Alice (2005). George Washington's War on Native America. Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-98177-0. 
• Marling, Larl (1988). George Washington Slept Here: Colonial Revivals and American Culture, 1876–1986. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6743-4951-3. 

• John, Marshall;  Washington, Bushrod (1804). The life of George Washington. v.1. C.P. Wayne. OCLC 03459836.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)  (eBook)
• ——; Washington, Bushrod (1804). The life of George Washington. v.2. C.P. Wayne. OCLC 3658046.   (eBook)
• —— (1804). The life of George Washington. v.3. C.P. Wayne. OCLC 3658046.   (eBook)
• —— (1804). The life of George Washington. v.4. C.P. Wayne. OCLC 1548385.   (eBook)
• —— (1807). The life of George Washington. v.5. C.P. Wayne. OCLC 1548385.   (eBook)

• McDonald, Forrest (1974). The Presidency of George Washington. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0110-4. 
• McGuire, Edward Charles (1836). The Religious Opinions and Character of Washington. Harper & Brothers.   (eBook)
• Morgan, Edmund S. (1980). The Genius of George Washington. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-01440-1. 
• Middlekauff, Robert (2015). Washington's Revolution: The Making of America's First Leader.  (Excerpt:the revolution from General Washington's perspective)
• Mitchell, Silas Weir (1904). The youth of Washington : told in the form of an autobiography. The Century Co., New York. 
• Morrison, Jeffry H. (2009). The Political Philosophy of George Washington. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9109-0. 
• Guizot, M. Francis; Reeve, Henry (1840). Washington. John Murray.   (eBook)
• Nelson, James (2008). George Washington's Secret Navy: How the American Revolution Went to Sea. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-0716-4342-9. 
• —— (2010). George Washington's Great Gamble: And the Sea Battle That Won the American Revolution. McGraw Hill Professional. 
• O'Brien, Conor Cruise (2009). First in Peace: How George Washington Set the Course for America. Foreword by Christopher Hitchens. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81619-2. 
• Palmer, Dave Richard (2012). George Washington's Military Genius. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 9781596983137. 
• Paulding, James Kirke (1835). A Life of Washington. v.1. George Clark and Son.  (eBook)
• —— (1835). A Life of Washington. v.2. George Clark and Son.  (eBook)
• Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2005). George Washington, America's Moral Exemplar. New York: Nova History Publications. ISBN 1-59454-230-9. 
• Phelps, Glenn A. (1993). George Washington and American Constitutionalism. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0564-9. 
• Prussing, Eugene Ernst (1927). The estate of George Washington, deceased. Little, Brown, and Company. 
• Ramsay, David (1832). The Life of George Washington: Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States of America, Throughout the War which Established Their Independence, and First President of the United States. Joseph Jewett, and cushing & Sons.   (eBook)
• Randall, Willard Sterne (1997). George Washington: A Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-2779-3. 
• Rasmussen, William M. S.; Tilton, Robert S. (1999). George Washington – the Man Behind the Myths. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-1900-2. 
• Reed, Anna C. (1832). Life of Washington. American Sunday school union. ISBN 978-0-8905-1578-5. 
• Rowe, Jonathan (2008). "Washington, George (1732–1799)". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Cato Institute. pp. 535–37. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. 
• Schwarz, Philip J. (2001). Slavery at the Home of George Washington. Mount Vernon, Va: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. ISBN 978-0-931917-38-7. 
• Scudder, Horace Elisha (1889). George Washington: An Historical Biography. Houghton, Mifflin.   (eBook)
• Simpson, Stephen (1833). The lives of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson with a parallel. Henry Young Printers, Philadelphia. 
• Smith, Richard Norton (1993). Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-52442-3. 
• Sparks, Jared (1839). The Life of George Washington. Ferdinand Andrews, Boston.   (eBook)
• —— (1839). The life of George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American armies, and first president of the United States:. v.2. London Henry Colburn Publishers.   (eBook)
• Thompson, Ray (1971). Washington at Germantown. Bicentennial Press. ASIN B0006CC2FS. 
• Washington, Austin (2014). The Education of George Washington: How a forgotten book shaped the character of a hero. Regnery Publishing. 
• Weems, Mason Locke (1833) [1800]. The Life of George Washington: With Curious Ancedotes, Equally Honourale to Himself, and Exemplary to His Young Countrymen. Joseph Allen Publishers. 
• Wiencek, Henry (2003). An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-17526-8. 
• Wilson, Woodrow (2004) [1905]. George Washington. Cosimo, Inc.; Original publisher: Harper and Brothers. ISBN 1-59605-007-1. 
• Wister, Owen (1907). The seven ages of Washington; a biography. New York, The Macmillan Company.   (eBook)

Events, government and ideas

• Alberts, Robert C. (1975). A charming field for an encounter: the story of George Washington's Fort Necessity. National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 
• Allen, William Barclay (2008). George Washington: America's First Progressive. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0371-1. 
• Anderson, Fred (2006) [2000]. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40642-3. 
• —— (2006). The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03454-3. 
• Baldwin, Leland D. (1939). Whiskey Rebels: The Story of a Frontier Uprising. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-9053-6. 
• Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014). For Fear of an Elective King: George Washington and the Presidential Title Controversy of 1789. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801471902. 
• Beck, Derek W. (2016). The War Before Independence: 1775–1776. Sourcebooks, Inc.,. ISBN 978-1-4926-3310-5. 
• Bemis, Samuel Flagg (2013). The Diplomacy Of The American Revolution. Read Books Ltd,. ISBN 978-1-4474-8515-5. 
• Bickham, Troy O. (January 2002). "Sympathizing with Sedition? George Washington, the British Press, and British Attitudes during the American War of Independence". The William and Mary Quarterly. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. v.59 (1). doi:10.2307/3491639. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 3491639. 
• Binney, Horace (1859). An inquiry into the formation of Washington's Farewell address. Philadelphia, Parry & McMillan.  (eBook)
• Blackaby, Anita D. (1986). Washington and the American Revolution: A Guide to the Campaigns in Pennsylvania & New Jersey. Council of American Revolutionary Sites. ISBN 9780961632304. 
• Bodle, Wayne (2010). Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-2710-4546-7. 
• Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781451692136. 
• Bowen, Clarence Winthrop (1892). The history of the Centennial celebration of the inauguration of George Washington as first president of the United States, Part 1. D. Appleton and Company, New York. 
• Boughton, Willis A. (1944). The Battle of Brooklyn. Exposition Press. 
• Breen, T.H. (2016). George Washington's Journey: The President Forges a New Nation. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781451675443. 
• Breen, Eleanor E.; White, Esther C. (2006). "A Pretty Considerable Distillery—Excavating George Washington's Whiskey Distillery" (PDF). Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia. Archeological Society of Virginia. v.61 (4). Retrieved November 4, 2011. 
• Bruggerman, Seth C. (2011). Here, George Washington Was Born: Memory, Material Culture, and the Public History of a National Monument. University of Georgia Press. 
• Busch, Noel Fairchild (1974). Winter Quarters: George Washington and the Continental Army at Valley Forge. Liveright publishers. ISBN 978-0-8714-0587-6. 
• Carbone, Gerald M. (2010). Washington: Lessons in Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-2306-1707-0. 
• Carson, Hampton L. (1919). Washington at Valley Forge. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.  (eBook)
• Carp, E. Wayne (1990). To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807842690. 
• Clary, David A. (2011). George Washington's First War: His Early Military Adventures. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-8112-6. 
• Cleland, Hugh (1956). George Washington in the Ohio Valley. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-7537-3. 
• Cohen, Sheldon S. (April 1991). "Monuments to Greatness: George Dance, Charles Polhill, and Benjamin West's Design for a Memorial to George Washington". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. v.99 (2). JSTOR 4249215. 
• Combs, Jerald A. (1970). The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5200-1573-9. 
• Davis, Burke (1975). George Washington and the American Revolution. Random House. 
• Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric (1995) [1993]. The Age of Federalism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509381-0.  the leading scholarly history of the 1790s
• Ellis, Joseph J. (2015). The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783–1789. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3853-5341-0. 
• Estes, Todd (2001). "The Art of Presidential Leadership: George Washington and the Jay Treaty". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Virginia Historical Society. v.109 (2): 127–58. ISSN 0042-6636. 
• Falkof, Lucille (1989). George Washington, 1st President of the United States. Garrett Educational Corporation. ISBN 978-0-9444-8319-0. 
• Fitzpatrick, John Clement (1929). The George Washington Scandals, Volume 356. Washington Society of Alexandria. 
• —— (1970) [1924]. The Spirit of the Revolution: New Light from Some of the Original Sources of American History. Associated Faculty Pr Inc. ISBN 978-0804612685. 
• Fiske, John (1891). The American Revolution, Volume 1. Houghton Mifflin. 
• —— (1896). The American Revolution, Volume 2. Riverside Press. 
• Fowler, William M. American Crisis: George Washington and the Dangerous Two Years After Yorktown, 1781–1783. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9780802778093. 
• Freedman, Russell (2008). Washington at Valley Forge. New York: Holiday House. 
• Gallagher, John J (2009). The Battle of Brooklyn 1776 . Da Capo Press. 
• Galowitz, Sam W. (2007). Revolutionary War, Battle of Brooklyn. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4257-6860-7. 
• Gingrich, Newt; Forstchen, William R.; Hanser, Albert S. (2010). Valley Forge: George Washington and the Crucible of Victory. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-4299-3978-2. 
• Greenberg, Allan Carl (1999). George Washington, Architect. Papadakis Publisher. ISBN 978-1-9010-9218-9. 
• Harned, David Baily (2015). Leadership and Unnatural Virtues: George Washington and the Patience of Power; In Patience: How We Wait Upon the World. Wipf & Stock.  Revised and excerpted as "George Washington and the Patience of Power." Modern Age: A Quarterly Review 57, no. 4 (Fall 2015): 35–43.
• Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne (2015). Washington's Circle: The Creation of the President. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-6796-0383-2. 
• Higginbotham, Don (July 1, 1990). "The Washington Theme in Recent Historical Literature". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. v.114 (3): 423–38. 
• Hough, Franklin Benjamin (1865). Washingtoniana, or, Memorials of the death of George Washington : giving an account of the funeral honors paid to his memory, with a list of tracts and volumes printed upon the occasion. 
• Hünemörder, Markus (2006). The Society of the Cincinnati: Conspiracy and Distrust in Early America. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-8454-5107-3.  (Washington was president of the Society)
• Jenkins, Charles Francis (1905). Washington in Germantown: Being an Account of the Various Visits of the Commander-in-chief and First President to Germantown, Pennsylvania. W.J. Campbell.  (eBook)
• Johnston, Henry Phelps, 1842–1923 (1878). The campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn. Brooklyn, N.Y., Long island historical Society.  (eBook)
• Kahler, Gerald E. (2003). Washington in glory, America in tears. University of Virginia Press. 
• —— (2008). The Long Farewell: Americans Mourn the Death of George Washington. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2750-3. 
• Kilmeade, Brian; Don, Yaege (2013). George Washington's Secret Six: The Spy Ring That Saved the American Revolution. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-6981-3765-3. 
• Kohn, Richard H. (1970). "The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy". The William and Mary Quarterly. 27 (2): 187–220. JSTOR 1918650. 
• —— (1972). "The Washington's Administration to Crush the Whiskey rebellion". The Journal of American History. Free Press. JSTOR 1900658. 
• —— (1975). Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780029175514. 
• LaBan, Craig (February 21, 2010). "Hercules: Washington's Chef". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 
• Larson, Edward (2014). The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783–1789. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062248695. 
• Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2003). George Washington's Indispensable Men: The 32 Aides-de-camp who Helped Win American Independence. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1646-8. 
• Lossing, Benson John (1870). Washington and the American republic. v.1. New York, Virtue & Yorston.  (eBook)
• —— (1870). Washington and the American republic. v.2.  (eBook)
• —— (1870). Washington and the American republic. v.3.  (eBook)

• Madison, Ann (1932). History of the George Washington bicentennial celebration. Washington, D.C., United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission.  (eBook)
• Manca, Joseph (2012). George Washington's Eye: Landscape, Architecture, and Design at Mount Vernon. JHU Press,. ISBN 9781421405612. 
• Mazyck, Walter H. (1932). George Washington and the Negro. Associated Publishers, Incorporated. 
• McCullough, David (2005). 1776. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-8770-8.  WP article: 1776
• Miller, John Chester (1960). The Federalist Era, 1789–1801. New York: Harper. OCLC 425211. 
• McDonald, Robert M. S. (2013). Sons of the Father: George Washington and His Protégés. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3439-6. 
• Muñoz, Vincent Phillip (Winter 2003). "George Washington on Religious Liberty". The Review of Politics. University of Notre Dame. v.65 (1): 11–33. doi:10.1017/S0034670500036512. ISSN 0034-6705. JSTOR 1408786. 
• Penniman, James Hosmer (1951). George Washington at Mount Vernon on the Potomac. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union. 
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2016). Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution. Penguin Press. ISBN 9780698153233. 
• Ray, Smith Eugnie Marie (2009). The Battle of Brooklyn. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-1135-4761-3. 
• Richards, Dave (2014). Swords in Their Hands: George Washington and the Newburgh Conspiracy. Pisgah Press. ISBN 978-0-9853-8758-7. 
• Rose, Alexander (2007). Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3074-1870-8. 
• Royster, Charles (1979). A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807846063. 
• Schwartz, Barry (1987). George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol. Free Press. 
• Sears, Louis Martin (1960). George Washington & the French Revolution. Wayne State University Press. 
• Slaughter, Philip. Christianity, the Key to the Character and Career of Washington: A Discourse Delivered Before the Ladies of the Mt. Vernon Association. T. Whittaker.  (eBook)
• Spalding, Matthew (Autumn 1996). "George Washington's Farewell Address". The Wilson Quarterly. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. v.20 (4): 65–71. ISSN 0363-3276. 
• Treese, Lorett (2010). Valley Forge: Making and Remaking a National Symbol. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-2710-4173-5. 
• Vadakan, Vibul V., M.D. (Winter–Spring 2005). "A Physician Looks At The Death of Washington". The Early America Review. DEV Communications. v.6 (1). ISSN 1090-4247. 
• Wallenborn, White McKenzie, M.D. (5 November 1997). "George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. 
• White, Leonard D. (1948). The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History. New York: Macmillan Co. OCLC 1830658. 
• Williams, Tony; Knott, Stephen F (2015). Washington and Hamilton: The Alliance That Forged America. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4926-0984-1. 
• Wood, Gordon S. (Spring 1992). "The Greatness of George Washington". The Virginia Quarterly Review. University of Virginia. v.68 (2): 189–207. ISSN 2154-6932. 
• Wrong, George McKinnon (1921). Washington and his comrades in arms; a chronicle of the war of independence. Yale University Press, New Haven.  (eBook)

Primary sources

The greater volume of George Washington's known letters were first edited and published in the 19th century by several prominent historians. These works form the basis of all other such publications that followed.

• Washington, George (1754). The journal of Major George Washington: sent by the Hon. Robert Dinwiddie, Esq; His Majesty's Lieutenant-governor, and commander in chief of Virginia, to the commandant of the French forces on Ohio: To which are added, the governor's letter and a translation of the French officer's answer. With a new map of the country as far as the Mississippi. London: Williamsburgh printed, London, reprinted for T. Jefferys. OCLC 67325346. 
• —— (1983–1995). Abbot, W. W.; et al., eds. The Papers of George Washington. v.10. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0912-0. 
• —— (1988). Allen, W. B, ed. George Washington: A Collection. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics. ISBN 0-86597-059-9. 
• —— (1951). Baughman, Roland, ed. "Washington's Manuscript Diaries of 1795 and 1798". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 45 (2): 117–24. JSTOR 24298667. 
• —— (1905). Bixby, William K; Samson, William Holland, eds. Letters from George Washington to Tobias Lear. Genesee press, Rochester, N.Y. 
• —— (1973). Boynton, Edward C; Carlisle, Edward, eds. General orders of George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Revolution, issued at Newburgh on the Hudson, 1782–1783. Harrison, N.Y., Harbor Hill Books. 
• Chinard, Gilbert, ed. (1969) [1940]. George Washington as the French Knew Him: A Collection of Texts. New York: Greenwood Press. 
• Corry, John (1809). The life of George Washington, first president, and commander in chief of the armies of the United States of America;. M'Carty & White. 
• —— (1810). Biographical memoirs of the illustrious general George Washington, late president of the United States of America, and commander in chief of their armies during the Revolutionary War .. M'Carty & White. 

• —— (1970) [1931–1944]. Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Writings of Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. 39 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office; reprint, New York: Greenwood Press: United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, and published by authority of Congress. ; LC Call Number: E312.7 1931  39 volume biographical listing

• —— (1915). John Clement Fitzpatrick, ed. Calendar of the correspondence of George Washington, commander in chief of the Continental Army. v.1. Government Printing Office. 
• —— (1915). John Clement Fitzpatrick, ed. Calendar of the correspondence of George Washington, commander in chief of the Continental Army. v.2. Government Printing Office. 
• —— (1915). John Clement Fitzpatrick, ed. Calendar of the correspondence of George Washington, commander in chief of the Continental Army. v.3. Government Printing Office. 
• —— (1915). John Clement Fitzpatrick, ed. Calendar of the correspondence of George Washington, commander in chief of the Continental Army. v.4. Government Printing Office. 

• Washington, George (1939). Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Last Will and Testament of George Washington & Schedule of His Property. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union,. ASIN B00CXK89RQ. 

• —— (1925). Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748–1799. v.1. Houghton Mifflin. 
• —— (1925). Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748–1799. v.2. Houghton Mifflin. 
• —— (1925). Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748–1799. v.3. Houghton Mifflin. 
• —— (1925). Fitzpatrick, John Clement, ed. The Diaries of George Washington, 1748–1799. v.4. Houghton Mifflin. 

• —— (1889–1893). Ford, Worthington C, ed. The Writings of George Washington. v.14 v. New York & London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 1637240. 

• —— (1898). Hamilton, Stanislaus Murray, ed. Letters to Washington, and accompanying papers, 1752–1756. v.1. The Society of the Colonial Dames of America.   (eBook)
• —— (1899). Hamilton, Stanislaus Murray, ed. Letters to Washington, and accompanying papers, 1756–1758. v.2. Houghton, Mifflin and Company.   (eBook)
• —— (1898). Hamilton, Stanislaus Murray, ed. Letters to Washington, and accompanying papers, 1758–1770. v.3. The Society of the Colonial Dames of America.   (eBook)
• —— (1898). Hamilton, Stanislaus Murray, ed. Letters to Washington, and accompanying papers, 1770–1774. v.4. The Society of the Colonial Dames of America.   (eBook)
• —— (1898). Hamilton, Stanislaus Murray, ed. Letters to Washington, and accompanying papers, 1774–1775. v.5. The Society of the Colonial Dames of America.   (eBook)

• —— (1905). Hulbert, Archer Butler, ed. Washington and the West; being George Washington's diary of September, 1784. Century Company, New York. 
• —— (1970). Kitman, Marvin, ed. George Washington's Expense Account. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20589-7. 
• —— (1906). Jared Sparks, ed. Letters and Recollections of George Washington:
  Being Letters to Tobias Lear and Others Between 1790 and 1799, Showing the First American in the Management of His Estate and Domestic Affairs ,. Archibald Constable and Company Limited.    (eBook download options)

• —— (1997). Rhodehamel, John H, ed. Writings. New York: Library of America: Distributed by Penguin Books. ISBN 1-883011-23-X. 
• —— (1915). Sachse, Julius Friedrich, ed. Washington's masonic correspondence as found among the Washington papers in the Library of Congress. Press of the New era printing company].  {eBook)

• —— (1892). Toner, Joseph Meridith, ed. The daily journal of Major George Washington, in 1751-2, kept while on a tour from Virginia to the island of Barbadoes, with his invalid brother, Maj. Lawrence Washington.  (eBook)
• —— (1999). Twohig, Dorothy, ed. George Washington's Diaries: An Abridgment. University Press of Virginia. ISBN 9780813918570. 

• —— (1976–1979). Twohig, Dorthy; Jackson, Donald, eds. The Diaries of George Washington, 6 vols. University Press of Virginia. 
• —— (1983–1995). Twohig, Dorthy; Abbot, W.W., eds. The Papers of George Washington: Colonial Series, 10 vols. University Press of Virginia. 
• —— (1992–1994). Twohig, Dorthy; Abbot, W.W., eds. The Papers of George Washington: Confederation Series, 6 vols. University Press of Virginia. 
• —— (1981). Twohig, Dorthy, ed. The Papers of George Washington: The Journal of the Procerdings of the President, 1783–1793. University Press of Virginia. 
• —— (1987–1996). Twohig, Dorthy; Abbot, W.W., eds. The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series, 6 vols. University Press of Virginia. 
• —— (1998). Twohig, Dorthy; Abbot, W.W., eds. The Papers of George Washington: Retirement Series, 1797–1799. University Press of Virginia. 
• —— (1985–1991). Twohig, Dorthy; Abbot, W.W., eds. "The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series, 7 vols.". University Press of Virginia. 

• —— (1800). Williams, J.M., ed. Washington's political legacies:. Printed for John Russell and John West.  {eBook}
• —— (1800). Williams, J.M., ed. The Life and Memorable Actions of George Washington General and Commander. Printed for John Russell and John West.  {eBook}
• Wolcott, Oliver (1846). Gibbs, George, ed. Memoirs of the administrations of Washington and John Adams, edited from the papers of Oliver Wolcott, secretary of the Treasury. Van Norden Printers.  (eBook)

Jared Sparks

Jared Sparks was given access to Washington's personal writings and other documents by Bushrod Washington who had inherited them from his uncle George Washington upon his death. After a several year effort Sparks produced his twelve volume The Writings of George Washington, published from 1833 to 1839.^{[lower-alpha 6]} Sparks was widely praised for his great effort but was sometimes criticized for his editing of Washington's spelling, grammar and various phrases.^[27]

Worthington C. Ford

Worthington C. Ford published a 14 volume work, also entitled, The Writings of George Washington, in 1889–1890. Ford draws on much of the same material as did Sparks in 1834 and Fitzpatrick in 1931. In his Preface to volume 1, Ford, while praising Sparks' enormous volume of works, offers some sharp criticism about his sometimes questionable editorship of Washington's writings as Sparks would sometimes edit spelling, grammar, change or leave out phrases, etc. Ford made clear of his position here, that his editorship of Washington's writings would not be conducted in the same expedient manner that his predecessor sometimes employed.^[28]

John Clement Fitzpatrick

Selected title page from 39 volume series

John Clement Fitzpatrick was commissioned by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission in 1931 to transcribe, edit and publish Washington's writings in what became a 39 volume work entitled The Writings of George Washington.^{[lower-alpha 7]} The Commission was created to commemorate the coming 200th anniversary of Washington's birth in 1932, and to promote education in Revolutionary War era history overall. This massive work, taken from Washington's letters, military records, diaries, etc., was edited and compiled under the direction of John Clement Fitzpatrick, and sponsored and prepared by the Commission, under the authority of U.S. Congress, 1931, taking several years to complete. The commission conducted a thorough investigation of all available books, pamphlets reports, and other material relating to the life and times of George Washington. Because the field was very broad, members of the commission found it necessary to study the requirements of selecting source material while making sure they didn't exclude any essential data, a process that Fitzpatrick over saw for eight years until his death in 1940 before all the volumes had been published.^[29]

See also

Notes

References

Sources

• History of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration.
  U.S. George Washington Bicentennial Commission, Washington D.C. 1932. 
• Tollefson, Rodika (2015). "Biography of George Washington: 5 Books Presidential History Buffs Should Read".
  Newsmax. Retrieved July 6, 2016. 
• Weems, Mason Locke (1833). The Life of George Washington: With Curious Ancedotes, Equally Honourale to Himself, and Exemplary to His Young Countrymen. Joseph Allen Publishers. 
• "Sparks, Jared, 1789–1866. Papers of Jared Sparks : an inventory".
  Harvard University. 2005. Retrieved Jul 10, 2016. 
• "Cherry Tree Myth".
  Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016. 
• Washington, Austin (2014). The Education of George Washington: How a forgotten book shaped the character of a hero.
  Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-6215-7205-3. 
• Robert Dinwiddie: His Career in American Colonial Government and Westward Expansion.
  Arthur H. Clark Company. 1941. 
• Alden, John R. (1984). George Washington. A biography.
  LSU Press. ISBN 9780807141083. 
• "2005 Pulitzer Prizes, Special Citations". 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2016. 
• "Douglas Southall Freeman (1886–1953)".
  Virginia Foundation for the Humanities: Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved July 12, 2016. 
• Flexner, James Thomas (1979). Washington: The Indispensable Man. Boston:
  Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-28605-2. 
• "Washington's Crossing".
  Oxford University Press, review. 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016. 
• "The 2011 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Biography or Autobiography".
  The Pulitzer Prizes — Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016. 
• Peter J. Parish, ed. (2013). Reader's Guide to American History.
  Routledge. ISBN 9781134261826. 
  A condensed version is 754 pages long.
• Fischer, David Hackett (2006). Washington's Crossing.
  Oxford UP. ISBN 9780199756674. 
• Marshall, John (1832). The Life of George Washington. v.5.
  Philadelphia: C.P. Wayne  . OCLC 317838280.  (Document No. 28859 — Release Date May 18, 2009) Also see: V.1 V.2
• "John Marshall".
  Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2016. 
• "John Marshall".
  Library of Virginia. 2001. Retrieved August 4, 2016. 

External links

• Works by or about George Washington in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Introduction to the Diaries of George Washington
• Booknotes interview with Richard Norton Smith on Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation, February 21, 1993.
• Part one of C-SPAN Q&A interview with Ron Chernow on Washington: A Life, October 3, 2010
• Part two of C-SPAN Q&A interview with Ron Chernow on Washington: A Life, October 10, 2010