Ceratopogonidae

Ceratopogonidae
A female biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Culicomorpha
Superfamily:	Chironomoidea
Family:	Ceratopogonidae
Subfamilies
Forcipomyiinae Dasyheleinae Ceratopogoninae Leptoconopinae

Ceratopogonidae, or biting midges, are a family of small flies (1–4 mm long) in the order Diptera. They are also known as no-see-ums, midgies, sand flies, punkies, and others in North America, and sandflies^[1] in Australia. They are closely related to the Chironomidae, Simuliidae (or black flies), and Thaumaleidae.

Atrichopogon sp. on Oedemera virescens

They are found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat throughout the world, as well as in mountain areas. Females of most species are adapted to suck blood from some kind of host animal for the purpose of anautogenous reproduction. Culicoides, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea), and Leptoconops suck vertebrate blood. Some Atrichopogon and Forcipomyia species are ectoparasites on larger insects. Dasyhelea species feed exclusively on nectar. Species in other genera are predatory on other small insects. Larvae are always found in some damp location, such as under bark, in rotten wood, compost, mud, stream margins, tree holes, or water-holding plants (i.e., phytotelmata).

Ceratopogonid male

Leptoconops

Biting midge or "punky" on a flower

While this Sphodromantis eats a bee, a ceratopogonid midge, sitting on the joint between the femur and tibia of the right-hand foreleg, fills its abdomen with the green mantis blood.

Many of the hematophagic (blood-eating) species are pests in beach or mountain habitats. Some other species are important pollinators of tropical crops such as cacao. The blood-sucking species may be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, or filarial worms. The bite of midges in the genus Culicoides causes an allergic response in equines known as sweet itch. In humans, their bites can cause intensely itchy, red welts that can persist for more than a week. The discomfort arises from a localized allergic reaction to the proteins in their saliva, which can be somewhat alleviated by topical antihistamines.

The smaller members of the family are tiny enough to pass through the apertures in typical window screens. Camping tents are often equipped with extra-fine mesh netting, called no-see-um nets, to keep the pests out.

They are known to spread Tete virus.

See also

• Culicoides impunctatus—known as the Scottish midge, or Highland midge
• Culicoides imicola

References

External links

• British insects: the families of Diptera – Delta guides, Biodiversity and Biological Collections
• Ceratopogonidae – AAFC, Government of Canada
• The Ceratopogonidae – Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• Ceratopogonid Web Page – Belmont University
• Biting midges on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Flying Teeth Spain Buddy Website