Black tie

This article is about the dress code. For other uses, see Black tie (disambiguation).

Western dress codes

Men's black tie dress (double-breasted jacket)

Black tie, sometimes known by its French name cravate noir,[1] is a semi-formal dress code for evening events and social functions derived from British and American costume conventions of the 19th century. Traditionally worn only for events after 7 p.m., black tie is less formal than white tie but more formal than informal or business dress. In the United States, the gentlemen's form of black tie attire is often referred to as a tuxedo.

Gentlemen's standard

For men, the elements of black tie are:

Ladies' standard

An example of a black evening gown.

Women's dress for black tie occasions has varied greatly through the years; traditionally it was:

Today ladies dress for black tie occasions covers a much wider level of formality ranging from just below the white tie standard[2] to a something more informal such as a little black dress. Specifically it can also include:

History

Cocktail party – 1936
Six young couples in a procession to table at a dinner party hosted by Lars Jacob in Danderyd in 1968

When the dinner jacket (tuxedo in American English) first came into fashion in the Victorian era, it was used as a less formal alternative for the tailcoat which men of the upper classes wore every evening. Thus it was worn with the standard accompaniments for the evening tailcoat at the time: matching trousers, white or black waistcoat, white bow tie, white detachable wing-collar formal shirt and black formal shoes. Lapels were often faced or edged in silk or satin in varying widths. Dinner jackets were considered from the first less formal than full dress (cutaway) and etiquette guides declared it inappropriate for wear in mixed company.[6]

During the Edwardian era, the practice of wearing a black waistcoat and black bow tie with a dinner jacket became the convention, establishing the basis of the current black tie and white tie dress codes. The dinner jacket was also increasingly accepted at less formal evening occasions such as warm-weather gatherings or intimate dinners with friends.[7]

After World War I, the dinner jacket became de facto evening wear, while the evening tailcoat was limited to extremely formal or ceremonial occasions. During this interwar period, double-breasted jackets, turndown-collar shirts and cummerbunds became popular for black-tie evenings as did white and colored jackets in warm weather.[8][9]

In the decades following World War II, black tie became special occasion attire rather than standard evening wear. In the 1950s, colored and patterned jackets, cummerbunds and bow ties and narrow lapels became very popular; the 1960s and 1970s saw the color palette move from muted to bright day-glow and pastel, as well as ruffled-placket shirts as lapels got wider and piping was revived.[10][11][12] The 1980s and 1990s saw a return to nostalgic styles, with black jackets and trousers again becoming nearly universal. In the first decade of the 21st century, midnight blue once again became popular and lapel facings were sometimes reduced to wide edging.

The elements of black tie

Unlike white tie, which is very strictly regulated, black-tie ensembles can display more variation. In brief, the traditional components for men are:

Jacket

Covered cuff buttons on a dinner jacket.
Dinner jacket peak lapel
The peak lapel of a dinner jacket featuring a working buttonhole and silk grosgrain facings.

The original and most formal model of dinner jacket is the single-breasted model. The typical black-tie jacket is single-breasted with one button only, with jetted (besom) pockets and is of black or midnight blue; usually of wool or a wool–mohair, or wool-polyester blend, although other materials, especially silk, are seen. Although other materials are used, the most appropriate and traditional for the dinner jacket are wool barathea or superfine herringbone.[3] Double breasted models are less common, but considered equally appropriate. Dinner jackets were commonly ventless before World War I, but today come ventless, with side vents, or with center vents. The ventless style is considered more formal, whilst the centre vent is the least formal. The lapels (traditionally pointed and shawl) are usually faced with silk in either a grosgrain or a satin weave, but can also be silk barathea. According to the Black Tie Guide, the peaked lapel and shawl collar are equally authentic and correct.[13] The buttons should be covered in similarly coloured material to the main part of the jacket, which would ideally be either self-faced or covered with the same material as the lapels. Some higher-end single-breasted jackets, both new and vintage, tend to be fastened with a link front closure which is visually similar to a cufflink; this method of closure is still common in the United Kingdom.

The double-besomed jetted (slit) hip pocket is the only style understated enough to complement the dinner jacket. Flap pockets are not considered appropriate for formal attire's refined minimalism due to their busier and bulkier design and are simply an attempt by tuxedo manufacturers to save money by using standard suit patterns (although sometimes they will trim the edges of a flap pocket so that the flap can be tucked in or removed if desired). Besom welts can be of self fabric or trimmed with the lapel's silk facing, though classic menswear scholar Nicholas Antongiavanni suggests that for the English this latter touch "is a sure sign of hired clothes."[16] The dinner jacket should also have a welt breast pocket to hold a pocket handkerchief, which should generally be self-faced rather than covered with silk.

Dinner jacket link front
An example of a link front style closure of a dinner jacket, featuring silk grosgrain.

Emily Post, a resident of Tuxedo Park, New York, stated in 1909 that "[Tuxedos] can have lapels or be shawl-shaped, in either case they are to have facings of silk, satin or grosgrain." She later republished this statement in her 1922 book Etiquette, adding that only single-breasted jackets are appropriately called tuxedos.[17] There is a fashion movement suggesting that a man's appearance when wearing the wider and higher peak lapel is superior to the narrower notch lapel.[18]

A white dinner jacket.

White dinner jackets are often worn in warm climates. They are ivory in color rather than pure white, and have self-faced lapels (i.e., made of the same fabric as the jacket) rather than silk-faced lapels. They are generally worn with the same types of shirts and accessories as black dinner jackets, though the turndown collar and cummerbund preferred to the wing collar or waistcoat. Similarly, the shawl lapel is more common in white dinner jackets. In the United Kingdom, the 20th-century etiquette was that white dinner jackets are never worn, even on the hottest day of summer, but are reserved for wear abroad.[19] Today, white dinner jackets are frequently seen at weddings, formal beach events, and high-school proms, in the United States and at some concerts (famously for instance the Last night of the proms) in the United Kingdom. In tropical climates, such as in Imperial Burma, desert fawn was historically used as the less formal color. At one time, the (civilian) mess jacket was also an option in warmer climates.

It is generally considered inappropriate for a man to remove his jacket during a formal social event, but when hot weather and humidity dictate, the ranking man (of the royal family, the guest of honor) may give men permission by noticeably taking off his jacket. In anticipated hot weather, Red Sea rig is specified in the invitation, although this dress is esoteric in civilian circles, and is particular to certain expatriate communities.

Black bow tie

Traditionally, the only neck wear appropriate is the black bow tie that is a self-tie and should always match the lapel facing of the dinner jacket and braiding of the trouser seams. The bow tie is tied using a common shoelace knot, which is also called the bow knot for that reason.

Trousers

Black tie trousers with a side stripe.
Black tie trousers with a side stripe.

Black tie trousers traditionally have no cuffs (turn-ups in British English) or belt loops. The outer seams are usually decorated with a single braid of silk or a material that matches the lapel facing. Traditionally, braces (suspenders), hidden by the waistcoat, are used to support the pants. Belts should not ever be worn with black tie trousers. Evening trousers can be flat-fronted or pleated today; pleats first coming into fashion in the 1930s. Whilst flat-fronted trousers are more fashionable at present, pleated trousers may be considered more comfortable by men who have wider hips and a narrow waist.

Waist coverings

A waist covering should generally be worn as part of a black tie ensemble. Either a low cut waistcoat or cummerbund may be worn, but never both at the same time. Although the English authority Debrett's consider that wearing a waistcoat is smart, they no longer consider either waist covering to be essential.[20] The American authority, The Emily Post Institute, considers them to be an essential component of proper black tie attire.[17] Waist coverings shouldn't be matched to wedding theme colours.[21]

Black tie waistcoat with studs
Waistcoat with shawl collar, closed with studs.

Waistcoat

A low cut waistcoat (vest in American English) should be worn when wearing a single-breasted coat.[22] The waistcoat plays an important part in black tie's refined minimalism by helping to conceal its working parts by discreetly covering the trouser's exposed waistband and the shirt bosom's bottom edge. Waistcoasts come in the 'V' or rarer 'U' shape, in backless or fully backed versions, double or single breasted, with or without lapels. Single breasted styles typically have three buttons, and double breasted ones three or four rows. Before World War II, while black tie was still gaining acceptance, men would wear a white waistcoat, along with other details now associated primarily with white tie, such as stiff fronted shirts. However, this style, though increasingly viewed as an affectation, is still acceptable in the United States.The waistcoat should be made from either the same fabric as the dinner jacket (traditional) or the same silk as the jacket's lapels (popular). When a waistcoat has lapels, they should be faced in the same silk as those of the jacket; in this case it is considered more refined if the body is made from the same fabric as the jacket. The buttons may be self-faced or covered in the same silk as the lapels. Vintage waistcoats were sometimes closed with studs made from onyx or mother of pearl, which were often surrounded by a setting of silver or gold.

A waistcoat is never worn with a double breasted jacket. Since this style of jacket is never unbuttoned, the waist of the trousers is never exposed, and therefore does not need to be covered,[23] though before World War II an edge of waistcoat was often shown between the jacket and shirt.

Cummerbund

Black ottoman silk cummerbund.

A cummerbund may be worn with a dinner jacket in lieu of a waistcoat and, although it is considered slightly less formal, it is equally correct. It looks especially good with a shawl collar dinner jacket but may be worn in conjunction with peak lapels. The material of the cummerbund should be silk satin, grosgrain (or faille), or barathea to match that of the bow tie. It features upward facing folds, which were originally used to store theatre or opera tickets, and are now considered to be more decorative than functional. Just like the waistcoat, cummerbunds are not worn with a double breasted jacket.[24]

Although the cummerbund should generally be black, the Black Tie Guide endorses deep and rich colours as a tasteful way to introduce some colour into an outfit that is otherwise monochromatic.[25] Bright colours, such as those often worn by members of wedding parties, should be avoided[21] and the bow tie must remain black in any case. Some higher quality models feature a hidden pocket and an elastic loop to fasten to the trousers.

Shirt

A modern attached wing collar (of the half-collar shape, with longer wings than a typical attached wing collar) and pre-tied bow tie

Shirts designed to be worn with black tie are called "formal shirts," or "tuxedo shirts" in American English and "dress shirts" in British English.[26] Traditionally, the shirt is white, has a bibbed front that is either marcella or pleated, a turndown collar, and double (or "french") cuffs. In the early-20th century, a piqué shirt with a detachable wing collar and single cuffs such as is worn with white tie was used, and in the 1960s and 1970s ruffled bibs were popular, but neither styles are often seen today. The wing collar originally disappeared in black tie after the 1920s when the appropriately semi-formal attached turndown collar shirt became preferred, but it has been popular with American men in a less substantial, attached form since the 1980s. However, many style authorities argue that the wing collar should remain the domain of white tie for aesthetic reasons. Etiquette maven Miss Manners is one of those who feel that while the bow tie’s uncovered band is fine in a white-on-white scheme, “gentlemen with their black ties exposed all around their necks look silly."[15]

Gold and cuff links and shirt studs
A vintage set of shirt studs and double-sided cufflinks with a smoke mother of pearl inlay in a gold setting.

Although some style authorities consider the wing collar to be an acceptable option for black tie shirts, they should not be worn with double cuffs or a pleated bib,[27] and are better suited to the more formal single-breasted peak lapel jacket.[15] They should feature a bib that is either marcella or starched and include stiff single cuffs (secured with cufflinks), made of the same fabric as the bib; this type of shirt is exactly the same as one worn with white tie attire.[28] The collar in this case should be tall and stiff, which may be attached or detachable. When a full dress shirt is worn in this fashion, it should be accompanied by the white marcella waistcoat ordinarily associated with white tie.[25] Wearing white tie accessories in this manner is considered by many to be an affectation. Debrett's do not endorse the wing collar as being compatible with the black tie dress code.[3]

The more formal marcella version of the shirt fastens with matching shirt studs. These are most commonly in silver or gold settings, featuring onyx or mother-of-pearl; various geometrical shapes are worn, e.g., circles (most common for studs), octagons, or rectangles (most common for cufflinks). There has been no consistent fashion preference for gold or silver, but studs with mother-of-pearl are more formal and therefore often associated with white tie. The soft-front pleated version of the shirt should be fastened with mother-of-pearl buttons, typically supplied with the shirt on a separate strip of fabric. Alternatively, a fly-front shirt, appropriate with both the marcella and pleated bibs, conceals the placket for a more minimalistic look.

There are several types of cufflinks that may be worn with black tie. The most formal and decorative are the double-panel type, which dress both sides of the cuff and are connected by a chain or link of metal; this model conceals the mechanism by which the cuff is secured. The most common, and least decorative, are the swivel bar type; whilst these are acceptable, they leave the inner side of the cuffs and mechanism exposed which is incongruous with formal dress.[29]

Patent Leather Oxford
An oxford shoe in patent leather worn with evening dress or dinner dress.

Footwear

The most formal and traditional shoes are patent leather opera pumps (court shoes) decorated with grosgrain bows. The more popular alternative currently is the black lace-up Oxford shoe, in patent leather or calfskin, with a rounded plain toe. Brogueing or any other decorative patterns should never be seen on Black Tie footwear.[30] Matte finish pumps are also seen. Shoes are almost invariably black and patent leather is considered more formal than matte finishes while pumps are considered more formal than lace-ups. Generally considered too informal for black tie are shoes with open lacing, such as the Derby shoe (bluchers in American English). Notable alternatives include the black button boot (primarily of historical interest only) and the monogrammed Albert slipper which was originally worn only at home. The black Gucci loafer in leather is also considered as an alternative, especially in urban British settings. Hosiery is black socks made from fine wool or silk.

Accessories

Button hole flower with white pocket square.

Most etiquette and fashion guides of the current decade recommend keeping color touches and favoring a single color, usually dark; muted reds, such as maroon, are a traditional choice.

Handkerchief: A handkerchief in linen (traditional), silk, or cotton is usually worn in the breast pocket.[31] Although precedents for tasteful exceptions exist,[32] pocket squares are normally white,[3] and should not match the waist covering or bow tie.[33]

Boutonnière: A flower may be worn. Red and white carnation, blue cornflower, and rosebud have all been popular at times. In France, the boutonnière is usually a gardenia, and boutonnières and handkerchiefs are not worn simultaneously.

Outerwear: Black-tie events do not involve outerwear and coats and gloves are no longer considered part of the dress code. However, etiquette for what to wear in public in transit to and from black tie occasions was stiffer in earlier eras and remain an option: Matching overcoats are usually black, charcoal, or dark blue, and traditionally of the Chesterfield style. A guards coat was also once popular, and a lighter topcoat can be worn in summer. Historically, an Inverness coat was also worn. Until the mid-20th century, gloves and scarves were always worn, and are still occasionally seen in gray leather and white silk, respectively. White kid gloves have never been standard with black tie, remaining exclusive to white tie dress.

Hat: The 20th-century standard hat for black tie was a black (or midnight blue) Homburg in winter,[34][35] or straw boater in spring and summer.[36] Fedoras were originally regarded as too informal but have become more common recently. Top hats were originally worn with black-tie, but had been reserved to white tie and morning dress from World War I. Black-tie dress does not require a hat today.

Miniature medals with black tie.

Decorations and orders: Military, civil, and organizational decorations are usually worn only to full dress events, generally of formal governmental or diplomatic significance.[37] Miniature orders and awards are typically worn on the left lapel of the jacket, and neck badges, breast stars, and sashes are worn according to country-specific or organizational regulations. Unlike in white tie, where decorations are always permitted, the dress code will usually give some indication when decorations are to be worn with black tie.[38]

Timepiece: Traditionally visible timepieces are not worn with formal evening dress, because timekeeping is not supposed to be considered a priority. Pocket watches are acceptable.[29]

Black-tie social occasions

Black tie worn at a dinner party in the 1940s.

Black tie is worn to private and public dinners, balls, and parties. At the more formal end of the social spectrum, it has to a large extent replaced the more formal white tie. The black tie code is sometimes classified as "semi-formal" in contrast to the "formal" white tie, or as "formal" in contrast to the "most formal" of white tie. Once more common, white tie dress code is now fairly rare, being reserved for only extremely formal occasions.[39] Black tie is traditionally worn only after six o'clock in the evening, or after sundown during winter months. Black tie's rough daytime equivalent is the stroller, which is less formal than morning dress because (as with black tie) it replaces the tailcoat with a lounge coat. Curiously, in opposition to the trend seen in evening dress, the less formal stroller is now extraordinarily rare, whereas morning dress is still relatively common.

Opera

Traditionally black tie should be worn to the opera although a dark lounge suit is also now acceptable.[40][41] In the 21st century, many opera houses in the English-speaking world do not stipulate black tie. For example, neither the Royal Opera House nor the Sydney Opera House have a black tie dress code. Black tie is customary at English country house opera, such as during the summer Festival at Glyndebourne.[42][43]

Black tie should also be worn at a ballet or orchestra gala.

Cruise ships

At formal dinners on cruise ships the dress code will typically be black tie although a dark lounge suit may be worn as a substitute.[44] In 2013 Cunard, noted for its adherence to formal dress codes, relaxed its dress standards.[45] As of 2015 Cunard requires one of a dinner jacket, a dark suit, formal national dress or military uniform for gentlemen diners on formal evenings.[46] Similarly, the luxury cruise liner, Seabourn, stipulates either a tuxedo or a dark business suit on formal evenings.[47]

Black tie at weddings

Black tie worn at a wedding

In the last few decades, black tie has been increasingly seen in the United States at formal day wedding in place of the traditional Morning dress. However, etiquette and clothing experts continue to discourage or condemn the wearing of black tie before 7 pm.[48] Prior to the late 1930s, black tie was even discouraged as too informal for evening weddings, with Amy Vanderbilt arguing that "no man should ever be caught in a church in a tuxedo." Indeed, Emily Post would continue to argue in preference of white tie at evening weddings into the 1950s.

In England and Wales, black tie is seldom worn at Church weddings or civil ceremonies as morning dress or a lounge suit is normally favoured. However, in recent years black tie is sometimes worn at evening receptions.[49] At Jewish weddings, however, black tie is often stipulated. In Scotland, a dinner jacket is also not common but highland dress is often chosen.

Corresponding forms of dress

Mess dress

Main article: Mess dress

For formal dining, uniformed services officers and non-commissioned officers often wear mess dress equivalents to the civilian black tie and evening dress. Mess uniforms may vary according to the wearers' respective branches of the armed services, regiments, or corps, but usually include a short Eton-style coat reaching to the waist. Some include white shirts, black bow ties, and low-cut waistcoats, while others feature high collars that fasten around the neck and corresponding high-gorge waistcoats. Some nations' armed services have black tie and white tie equivalent variants in their mess dress.

Red Sea Rig

Main article: Red Sea rig

In tropical areas, primarily in Western diplomatic and expatriate communities, Red Sea rig is sometimes worn, in which the jacket and waistcoat are omitted and a red cummerbund and trousers with red piping are worn instead.

Scottish Highland dress

Main article: Highland dress
Formal black tie Highland regalia, kilt and Prince Charlie jacket

Scottish Highland dress is often worn to black- and white-tie occasions, especially at Scottish reels and ceilidhs; the black-tie version is more common, even at white-tie occasions. Traditionally, black-tie Scots Highland dress comprises:

Traditional black-tie Lowland dress is a variant of the normal black tie that includes tartan trews rather than the usual trousers and may include a suitable kilt jacket instead of the dinner jacket. Trews are often worn in summer and warm climes.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.debretts.com/british-etiquette/british-behaviour/h/dress-codes/black-tie
  2. ↑ Morgan, John (1 April 2007). Debrett's New Guide to Etiquette and Modern Manners: The Indispensable Handbook. Macmillan. p. 338. ISBN 9781429978286.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Black Tie, Dress Codes, A to H, British Behaviour, Etiquette and Style | Debrett's". www.debretts.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  4. ↑ "What Dress to Wear to Black Tie Event". Pepperberry Blog. Pepperberry. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  5. ↑ "Emily Post". Retrieved 23 Jan 2016.
  6. ↑ "History: Late Victorian Era". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  7. ↑ "History: Edwardian Era". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  8. ↑ "History: Jazz Age". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  9. ↑ "History: Depression Era". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  10. ↑ "History: Postwar Period". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  11. ↑ "History: Jet Age". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  12. ↑ "History: Counterculture Era". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  13. 1 2 "Classic Black Tie: Tuxedos (Dinner Suits)". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  14. ↑ "thelondonlounge.net". thelondonlounge.net.
  15. 1 2 3 "Classic Black Tie: Shirts". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  16. ↑ Antongiavanni, Nicholas (2006). The Suit: A Machiavellian Approach to Men's Style. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060891862.
  17. 1 2 "Attire Guide: Dress Codes from Casual to White Tie". The Emily Post Institute. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  18. ↑ "Black Tie 101" (PDF). Indiana University Bloomington. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  19. ↑ "Classic Black Tie: Warm-Weather Black Tie". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  20. ↑ Wyse, Elizabeth (2015). Debrett's Handbook. London, United Kingdom: Debrett's Limited. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-9929348-1-1.
  21. 1 2 "Black Tie Guide | Supplemental: Formal Weddings". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  22. ↑ "Special occasions – dress codes – black tie". Debretts. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
  23. ↑ "Classic Black Tie: Waist Coverings". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  24. ↑ Clayton, Nicholas (21 July 2016). A Butler's Guide to Gentlemen's Grooming. Pavilion Books. ISBN 9781849944144.
  25. 1 2 "Black Tie Guide | Classic Alternatives". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  26. ↑ Gavernas, Mary Lisa, The Fairchild Encyclopedia of Menswear, Fairchild Publications, New York, 2008
  27. ↑ Flusser, Alan (2002). Dressing the Man. United States: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 249. ISBN 978-0060191443.
  28. ↑ "Black Tie Guide | White Tie: Shirt". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  29. 1 2 "Black Tie Guide | Classic Accessories". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  30. ↑ "Classic Black Tie: Footwear". Black Tie Guide. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
  31. ↑ Wyse, Elizabeth (2015). Debrett's Handbook. London, United Kingdom: Debrett's Limited. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-9929348-1-1.
  32. ↑ "Black Tie Guide | Contemporary: Other". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  33. ↑ Bridges, John; Curtis, Bryan (2003). A Gentleman Gets Dressed Up. Nashville, Tennessee, United States: Rutledge Hill Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1401604714.
  34. ↑ "Black Tie Guide | Classic Outerwear". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  35. ↑ "Black Tie Guide | Vintage: Outerwear". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  36. ↑ "Black Tie Guide | Vintage: Warm Weather". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  37. ↑ Wyse, Elizabeth (2015). Debrett's Handbook. London, United Kingdom: Debrett's Limited. ISBN 978-0-9929348-1-1.
  38. ↑ "Black Tie Guide | Supplemental: Decorations". www.blacktieguide.com. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  39. ↑ "The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Party Dress Code". cateringonthemove.com.au.
  40. ↑ "Protocol Professionals, Inc. - Opera Protocol Tips". protocolprofessionals.com.
  41. ↑ "Opera Etiquette". debretts.com.
  42. ↑ Rupert Myers. "It's not elitist to dress up for the opera". the Guardian.
  43. ↑ Wyse, Elizabeth (2015). Debrett's Handbook. London, United Kingdom: Debrett's Limited. pp. 417, 429. ISBN 978-0-9929348-1-1.
  44. ↑ Showker, Kay (25 March 2010). The Unofficial Guide to Cruises. John Wiley & Sons. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-470-63721-0. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  45. ↑ Kim, Soo (18 March 2013). "Cunard relaxes cruise ship dress code". telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  46. ↑ "Is there a dress code on board?". cunard.com. Cunard. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  47. ↑ http://www.seabourn.com/assets/welcometosbn/sbn_osq_welcome_aboard_booklet.pdf
  48. ↑ Ford, Charlotte; DeMontravel, Jacqueline (2001). 21st century etiquette: a guide to manners for the modern age. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-56731-629-2.
  49. ↑ "Male Dress Codes". debretts.com.
  50. ↑ MacKinnon, C. R. (1970). Scottish Tartans & Highland Dress. Glasgow/London: Wm. Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. p. 98. ISBN 0-00-411114-1.

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/4/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.