Christianity in Xinjiang

Id Kah Mosque
Islam is the most populous religion in Xinjiang, a region which has the largest mosque in China, Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Xinjiang.

Christianity is a minority religion in the Xinjiang region of the People's Republic of China. The dominant ethnic group, the Uyghur, are predominantly Muslim and very few are known to be Christian.[1]

History

In 1904, George W. Hunter with the China Inland Mission opened the first mission station for CIM in Xinjiang.[2] But already in 1892, the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden started missions in the area around Kashgar, and later built mission stations, churches, hospitals and schools in Yarkant and Yengisar.[3] In the 1930s there were several hundreds of Christians among this people, but because of persecution the churches were destroyed and the believers were scattered. The missionaries were forced to leave because of ethnic and factional battles during the Kumul Rebellion in the late 1930s.[4][5]

Christian missionaries, such as British missionary George W. Hunter, Johannes Avetaranian,[6] and Swedish missionaries[3] Magnus Bäcklund, Nils Fredrik Höijer, Father Hendricks, Josef Mässrur, Anna Mässrur, Albert Andersson, Gustaf Ahlbert, Stina Mårtensson, John Törnquist, Gösta Raquette, Oskar Hermannson, and Uyghur convert Nur Luke studied the Uyghur language and wrote works on it. A Turkish convert to Christianity, Johannes Avetaranian went to China to spread Christianity to the Uyghurs. Yaqup Istipan, Wu'erkaixi, and Alimujiang Yimiti are other Uyghurs who converted to Christianity.

There were several hundred Uyghur Muslims converted to Christianity by the Swedes. Imprisonment and execution were inflicted on Uyghur Christian converts and after refusing to give up his Christian religion, and the Uyghur convert Habil was executed in 1933. Ultimately in 1938, Sheng Shicai's pro Soviet regime banished the Swedish missionaries after the East Turkestan Republic tortured and jailed Christian converts, who were made out of Kirghiz and Uyghurs.[7][8] The openly Islamic East Turkestan Republic forcibly ejected the Swedish missionaries and espoused hosility to Christianity while espousing a Muslim Turkic ideology.[9] The East Turkestan Republic subjected former Muslim Christian converts like Joseph Johannes Khan to jail, torture and abuse after he refused to give up Christianity in favor of Islam. After the British intervened to free Khan he was forced to leave his land and in November 1933 he came to Peshawar.[10]

Violence against missionaries

Mullahs directed violence against the missionaries from Sweden since 1894 and it was only due to action taken by Chinese officials that a Uyghur Muslim apostate who became a Christian named Omar was saved from execution at the hands of mullahs.[11] In 1899, the headquarters of the Swedish missionaries was violently obliterated by a mass of rioters. This anti-christian riot was incited by the landlord of the property who argued with his Swedish renters.[12][13] The Swedish missionaries welfare was one of the concerns by the British during the Xinhai Revolution.[12] The residences of the Swedish missionaries were attacked by mobs and violent outbreaks resulted in a garden becoming their home since nobody would rent to them.[14]

An anti-Christian mob broke out among the Muslims in Kashgar against the Swedish missionaries in 1923. Violence and tensions brewed by Muslims who were stirred by Muslim apostates becoming Christian due to the Swedes in Ramadan of 1923. Orders to stop rioting were given to the Muslim Qazis and merchants by the Chinese Tao Tai after British diplomats contacted him.[15]

The Bughras applied Shari'a while ejecting the Khotan based Swedish missionaries.[16] They demanded the withdrawal of the Swedish missionaries while enacting Shariah in March 16, 1933.[17] In the name of Islam, the Uyghur leader Amir Abdullah Bughra of the First East Turkestan Republic violently physically assaulted the Yarkand-based Swedish missionaries and would have executed them, except they were only banished due to the British Aqsaqal's intercession in their favor.[16] There were beheadings and executions of Muslims who had converted to Christianity at the hands of the Amir's followers.[18]

Other governments

Werner Otto von Hentig during the Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition was assisted by a tip off from a Swedish missionary.[19] Along with British diplomats, the Kashgar-based missionaries from Sweden were prominent among European expatriates in the area.[20] Eleanor Holgate Lattimore met the Swedish missionaries and British diplomats in Kashgar.[21]

The Swedish Mission Society ran a printing operation. Life of East Turkestan was the state run media of the rebel First East Turkestan Republic in the Kumul Rebellion. The Bughra lead government used the Swedish Mission Press to print and distribute the media.[22]

References

  1. ↑ Mandryk, Jason (2010). Operation World: The Definitive Prayer Guide to Every Nation. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8308-9599-1.
  2. ↑ China Inland Mission (1911). China and the Gospel: An Illustrated Report of the China Inland Mission. The Mission. p. 15.
  3. 1 2 Dillon, Michael (2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-317-64720-1.
  4. ↑ Hultvall, John (1981). Mission och revolution i Centralasien [Mission and Revolution in Central Asia: The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938] (PDF). STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSA LIENSIA XXXV. Birgitta Åhman (translator). Stockholm: Gummessons. p. 6. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  5. ↑ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
  6. ↑ John Avetaranian; Richard Schafer; John Bechard (January 2003). A Muslim Who Became a Christian. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-7552-0069-6.
  7. ↑ Claydon, David (2005). A New Vision, a New Heart, a Renewed Call. William Carey Library. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-87808-363-3.
  8. ↑ Uhalley, Stephen; Wu, Xiaoxin (2015). China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future. London: Routledge. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-317-47501-9.
  9. ↑ Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. Leiden: Brill. p. 59. ISBN 90-04-16675-0.
  10. ↑ Edward Laird Mills (1938). Christian Advocate -: Pacific Edition ... p. 986.
  11. ↑ Eric Tamm (25 November 2013). The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China. Counterpoint. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-58243-876-4.
  12. 1 2 Nightingale, Pamela; Skrine, C.P. (2013). Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918. London: Routledge. pp. 108, 174. ISBN 978-1-136-57609-6.
  13. ↑ Henry Hugh Peter Deasy (1901). In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan: Being the Record of Three Years' Exploration. Fisher Unwin. pp. 302–303.
  14. ↑ The Moslem World. Hartford Seminary Foundation. 1966. p. 78.
  15. ↑ John Stewart (1989). Envoy of the Raj: The Career of Sir Clarmont Skrine, Indian Political Service. Porpoise. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-870304-03-0.
  16. 1 2 Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 87. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1.
  17. ↑ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang. Rutgers University Press. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-8135-3533-3.
  18. ↑ Missionary Review of the World ; 1878-1939. Princeton Press. 1939. p. 130.
  19. ↑ Stewart, Jules (2014). The Kaiser's Mission to Kabul: A Secret Expedition to Afghanistan in World War I. New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-78076-875-5.
  20. ↑ A Regional Handbook on Northwest China. Human Relations Area Files. 1956.
  21. ↑ Eleanor Holgate Lattimore (1934). Turkestan reunion. The John Day company. p. 261.
  22. ↑ Klimeš, Ondřej (2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949. Leiden: Brill. pp. 81, 124–125. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.

See also

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