Jacobin cuckoo

Jacobin cuckoo
An adult (India)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Genus: Clamator
Species: C. jacobinus
Binomial name
Clamator jacobinus
(Boddaert, 1783)
dark green - year round
yellow - summer only
blue - winter
cream - passage only
Synonyms

Oxylophus jacobinus
Coccystes melanoleucos
Coccystes hypopinarius

The Jacobin cuckoo, pied cuckoo, or pied crested cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds that is found in Africa and Asia. It is partially migratory and in India, it has been considered a harbinger of the monsoon rains due to the timing of its arrival.[2] It has been associated with a bird in Indian mythology and poetry, known as the chatak (Sanskrit: चातक) represented as a bird with a beak on its head that waits for rains to quench its thirst.

Description

In flight, the white wing patches and tail edges are prominent
Black-phase Jacobin cuckoo in KwaZulu-Natal

This medium-sized, slim black and white cuckoo with a crest is distinctive. The white wing patch on the black wing and the pattern make it unmistakable even in flight. They are very vocal during the breeding season. The call is a ringing series of whistling notes "piu-piu" with the calls of the nominate form more rapid and slightly mellower.[3][4][5]

In India the subspecies serratus (Sparrman, 1786) is a summer breeding visitor to northern India and is believed to migrate to southern Africa. This is larger and longer winged than the nominate subspecies found in the southern peninsular region and Sri Lanka is said to be a local migrant.[6] No ringing evidence exists to support the actual migration to Africa.[7]

In Africa, subspecies serratus and pica (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) show two phases, a pied phase with white or whitish below and a black phase where the only white is on the wing patch. Mating appears to be assortative, with pied phase males pairing with pied phase females. An all-rufous color phase has been noted in Central Africa.[4] There is lack of clarity on the migration and plumage variation involved. Subspecies pica has been said to be the form that migrates between Africa and India[4] however Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest serratus as being the valid name for the Afro-Indian migrants.[3][8][9][10]

In the past some other African subspecies have been suggested such as hypopinarus from South Africa and caroli from the Gabon.[11]

Distribution and habitat

The species is distributed south of the Sahara in Africa and south of the Himalayas in India. Also found in Sri Lanka and parts of Myanmar. Within Africa, there are movements of the species although they are resident in tropical Africa. The east African population is migratory and moves over southern Arabia into India during April.[4] The habitat of the species is mainly in thorny, dry scrub or open woodland[3] avoiding areas of dense forest or extremely dry environments.[4]

Behaviour and ecology

In the breeding season, birds call from prominent perches and chase each other with slow wing-beats and pigeon like clapping flight. Courtship feeding has been observed in Africa.[4] The species is a brood parasite and in India the host is mainly species of babblers in the genus Turdoides. The colour of the eggs matches those of the host, typically turquoise blue. The eggs are slightly larger than those of the common babbler (T. caudatus) or the jungle babbler (T. striata). Other hosts include the red-vented bulbul, and the eggs laid are then mostly white.[12] Eggs are laid hurriedly in the morning into the nest of the host often dropped from while the bird perches on the rim of the nest and over the host eggs often resulting in the cracking of one or more host eggs.[6] In Africa, the males distract the host while the female lays the egg.[4] Multiple eggs may be laid in the nest of a host and two young cuckoos were found to fledge successfully in several occasions.[6] In Africa, the hosts include Pycnonotus barbatus, P. capensis,[13] Turdoides fulvus, Turdoides rubiginosus,[14] Lanius collaris, Andropadus importunus, Terpsiphone viridis, Dicrurus adsimilis[15] and a few other species.[4][7][16] Babblers in the genus Turdoides are communal breeders and cuckoo chick are raised by several members of the group. A pied cuckoo chick was observed to be fed by four jungle babblers.[17][18]

The skin of young birds darkens form pink to purplish brown within two days of hatching. The mouth linking is red with yellow gape flanges. Unlike some cuckoos, nestlings do not evict the eggs of the host from the nest although they claim most of the parental attention and food resulting sometimes, in the starvation of host nestlings.[4]

These cuckoos feed on insects including hairy caterpillars that are picked up from near or on the ground. Caterpillars are pressed from end to end to remove the guts before they are swallowed. They sometimes feed on fruits.[6]

In culture

This species is widely mentioned in ancient Indian poetry as the chātak.[19][20] According to Indian mythology it has a beak atop its head and it thirsts for the rains.[21] The poet Kalidasa used it in his "Meghadoota" as a metaphor for deep yearning and this tradition continues in literary works.[22] Satya Churn Law, however noted that in Bengal, the bird associated with the "chatak" of Sanskrit was the common iora unlike the Jacobin cuckoo suggested by European orientalists. He further noted that a captive iora that he kept drank water only from dew and spray picked up from plant leaves suggesting that it may have been the basis for the idea that the "chatak" only drank raindrops.[23] To compound the issues with matching vernacular names, it has been pointed out that in Bengal chātak also refers to skylarks (which are also crested).[24]

Pied cuckoo in Pune, Maharashtra

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Clamator jacobinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Khachar,Shivrajkumar (1989). "Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus - the harbinger of the monsoon.". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86 (3): 448–449.
  3. 1 2 3 Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 225.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Payne,RB (2005). The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press. pp. 49, 320–325.
  5. ↑ Baker, ECS (1927). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 4. Edition 2. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 167–170.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Gaston, AJ (1976). "Brood Parasitism by the Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus.". Journal of Animal Ecology. 45 (2): 331–348. doi:10.2307/3878.
  7. 1 2 Ali, S; S Dillon Ripley (1981). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 194–198.
  8. ↑ Ticehurst, Claud B (1937). "Systematic Notes on East African Birds.-Part XIV. 32 On the Relationship of Clamator serratus (Sparrm.), Clamator jacobinus pica (Hempr. & Ehr.), and Clamator hypopinarus (Cab. & Heine).". Ibis. 79 (2): 402–415. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1937.tb02182.x.
  9. ↑ Peters, JL (1940). Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 4. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. pp. 12–13.
  10. ↑ Friedmann, H (1964). Evolutionary trends in the avian genus Clamator. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection. Volume 146. Number 4. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–127.
  11. ↑ Hartert, E (1915). "List of a small collection of birds from Hausaland, Northern Nigeria". Novitates Zoologicae. 22: 244–266.
  12. ↑ Osmaston,BB (1916). "The Pied Crested Cuckoo Coccystes jacobinus.". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24 (4): 821–822.
  13. ↑ Krüger, O (2004). "Breeding biology of the Cape bulbul Pycnonotus capensis: a 40 year comparison." (PDF). Ostrich. 75: 211–216. doi:10.2989/00306520409485447.
  14. ↑ Huels, TR (1982). "Co-operative feeding of conspecific and Clamator jacobinus young by Turdoides rubiginosus.". Scopus. 6: 33–35.
  15. ↑ Skead CJ (1962). "Jacobin crested cuckoo Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert) parasitising the fork-tailed drongo Dicrurus adsimilis (Beckstein).". Ostrich. 33: 72–3. doi:10.1080/00306525.1962.9633437.
  16. ↑ Friedmann, H (1964). "Evolutionary trends in the genus Clamator". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 164 (4): 1–106.
  17. ↑ Bates, R.S.P. (1938). "On the parasitic habits of the Pied Crested Cuckoo". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 40 (1): 125.
  18. ↑ Bates, R.S.P. (1959). "Communal nest-feeding in Babbler". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 56 (3): 630–631.
  19. ↑ Jerdon, TC (1862). The Birds of India. 1. Military Orphans Press, Calcutta. p. 341.
  20. ↑ Yule, Henry (1903). William Crooke, ed. Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. J. Murray, London.
  21. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 12". Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  22. ↑ Keay, F E (1920). A history of Hindi literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–103.
  23. ↑ Law, Satya Churn (1923). Pet birds of Bengal (volume 1). Thacker, Spink & Co. pp. 114–115, 123.
  24. ↑ Mitra, Sarat Chandra (1924). "Studies in Bird-Myths. No. III.—On two Aetiological Myths about the Sky-Lark". Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. 14 (2): 106–110.>

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