List of coffee varieties

Main article: Coffee
List and origin of arabica varieties TIF

Coffee varieties are the diverse subspecies derived through selective breeding or natural selection of coffee plants. While there is tremendous variability encountered in both wild and cultivated coffee plants, there are a few varieties and cultivars that are commercially important due to various unique and inherent traits such as disease resistance and fruit yield. These unique traits are what producers use to select breeds when developing crops. Therefore, at a micro level, breed selection is critical to the success of a producer and is one of the key components of cup quality.[1]

At a macro level, the viability of the coffee industry as a whole is dependent upon breed selection. Already, the majority of coffee produced originates from producers using selected breeds.[2] For this reason, breed selection is an important aspect of sustainability within coffee production.[3]

Terminology

There is considerable confusion as to which term to use when speaking about coffee subspecies. For the sake of clarity, within this article the terms will be used in accordance with loose guidelines put forth by the Specialty Coffee Association of America:

Variety: This rank of taxa delineates differences between plants that are smaller than in subspecies but larger than forms. A variety retains most of the characteristics of the species, but differs in some way.
Cultivar: Any variety produced by horticultural or agricultural techniques and not normally found in natural populations; a cultivated variety. Most of the varieties we know in specialty coffee are really cultivars. Bourbon and Typica are some of the most widely known cultivars.[4]

Put simply: In this article, varieties are naturally occurring subspecies and cultivars are cultivated subspecies. In addition, a third term, "breed" will be used as an umbrella term to simplify discussions in which the nuances between the terms 'variety' and 'cultivar' have no bearing.

History

Before the end of the 19th century, arabica was indeed the exclusive producer of all coffee in the world[5] but the first documented outbreak of coffee leaf rust (CLR) disease decimated crops around the world, prompting many farmers to explore alternative crops.

While some countries almost completely replaced coffee production with alternative crops, Indonesia began introducing robusta, which has both a high yield in fruit and a high level of resistance to CLR. Unfortunately, robusta also produces lower quality coffee. During the first half of the 20th century, East Java pioneered systematic breeding designs on robusta coffee, which would become "exemplary to all subsequent breeding programmes of robusta coffee in India and Africa.[6]" This knowledge of robusta is critical for modern coffee breeding because robusta is the main source of pest and disease traits not found in arabica.[7]

Prior to the mid-1900s, arabica coffee breeding involved simple line selection with an emphasis mostly on favorable adaptation to local growing conditions, fruit yield, and cup quality. But in the late 1970s and 1980s, various countries started breeding programs designed to create cultivars resistant to CLR.[8] The intensity of these later breeding programs was a direct response to the serious threat CLR posed to crops. The results of these and other breeding programs have produced a number of important cultivars worth mentioning (see list below).

Selection criteria

Farmers have designed standards for crops they would cultivate.[9] Recent advances in breeding techniques have provided farmers with higher-yielding breeds[10] with better disease resistance and better cup quality — all traits critical to the success of a producer. Below are some additional traits a producer may use to select breeds for crop development.

Yield is the measure of the amount of fruit produced by a given breed. It is usually expressed as kilograms or tonnes per hectare per year, assuming conventional plant densities of 1,100 - 1,400 trees per hectare.[11] High yield is one of the prime objectives of producers and breeding specifically to achieve higher yield is a relatively new trend.[12]

Resistance to diseases has become a dominant factor in not only breed selection but also of breeding new cultivars. Breeding for disease resistance has been mainly restricted to CLR and coffee berry disease (CBD) but also includes other diseases of local importance.[13]

Resistance to Pests is not normally a trait developed by breeding but is rather a trait selected from among breeds.[13] Certain breeds of coffee have been found to be resistant to nematodes and leaf miner. As with diseases, robusta has been found to be the more resistant species compared to arabica.

Arabica varieties and cultivars

According to The International Trade Centre, Arabica coffee accounted for roughly 61 per cent of the world's coffee production between 2004 - 2010.[14] It would be higher if Arabica were not as susceptible to disease as it is.[15] Coffee from the species C. arabica has many different varieties, each with unique characteristics. Some well-known arabica coffees include:

Name Species Region(s) Comments Ref
Arusha Arabica Mount Meru in Tanzania, and Papua New Guinea Typica variety or a French Mission. [16]
Bergendal, Sidikalang Arabica Indonesia Typica varieties which survived the leaf rust outbreak of the 1880s; most of the other Typica in Indonesia was destroyed.
Blue Mountain Arabica Blue Mountains region of Jamaica. Also grown in Kenya, Hawaii, Haiti, Papua New Guinea (where it is known as PNG Gold) and Cameroon (where it is known as Boyo). Typica, known to have some resistance to coffee berry disease. [6]
Bourbon Arabica Réunion, Rwanda, Latin America. Around 1708 the French planted coffee on the island of Bourbon (now called Réunion) in the middle of the Indian Ocean, all probably from the same parent stock – the plant the Dutch gave them. Unsurprisingly, it mutated slightly and was planted throughout Brazil in the late 1800s and eventually spread through Latin America. Bourbon produces 20–30% more fruit than Typica|Typica varieties. El Salvador is known as the Bourbon Country.
Catuai Arabica Latin America This is a hybrid of Mundo Novo and Caturra bred in Brazil in the late 1940s.[17]
Catimor Interspecific hybrid Latin America, Indonesia This is cross between Timor coffee and Caturra coffee. It was created in Portugal in 1959.[17]
Caturra Arabica Latin and Central America This coffee varietal was developed by the Alcides Carvalho Coffee Center ( Centro de Cafe ) of the IAC, Instituto Agronomico of Campinas, São Paulo State in Brazil. In 1937, IAC received seed samples of genetic materials originated on the border of the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. It was from Red Caturra and yellow Caturra cultivars. These two cultivars originated by natural mutation of Bourbon Red, originally a tall coffee shrub, found in the Serra do Caparaó, which is now a mountainous National Park north east of the city of Rio de Janeiro.[18] It produces a higher yield than Bourbon, and this is generally due to the plant being shorter and with less distance between the branches. A relatively recently selected botanical variety of the Coffea arabica species that generally matures more quickly, produces more coffee, and is more disease resistant than older, traditional arabica varieties.[19] In fact this mutation is not unique; it led to the formation of the Pacas variety in El Salvador (from Bourbon) and the Villa Sarchi in Costa Rica (from Bourbon). Genetically it is very similar to Bourbon although it usually produces a poorer cup quality but this is mainly due to the variety yielding more.[17]
Charrieriana Not yet named Cameroon This is a newly found variety from Cameroon. It has gained some press recently due to its caffeine-free nature. Not yet grown commercially, but it probably will be.[20]
Colombian Arabica Colombia Coffee was first introduced to the country of Colombia in the early 1800s. Today Maragogipe, Caturra, Typica|Typica and Bourbon cultivars are grown. When Colombian coffee is freshly roasted it has a bright acidity, is heavy in body and is intensely aromatic. Colombia accounts for about 12% of the coffee market (by value) in the world, third in volume after Vietnam and Brazil.
Ethiopian Harar Arabica Ethiopia From the region of Harar, Ethiopia. Known for its complex, fruity flavor that resembles a dry red wine. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Sidamo Arabica Ethiopia From the Sidamo (now Oromia) region of Ethiopia as well. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Yirgacheffe Arabica Ethiopia From the Yirgachefe district in the Gedeo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.[21]
French Mission Arabica Africa French Mission is actually Bourbon that was planted in East Africa by French Missionaries around 1897.[22]
Gesha / Geisha T.2722 Arabica Ethiopia, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Peru Gesha or Geisha variety, grown in the highlands of Boquete in Chiriquí Province, Panama, highly sought after at auction, achieving high prices. Originally from the village of Gesha, Ethiopia. It was planted in the 1950s as a rust resistant crop and rediscovered in the early 2000s. The most expensive varietal at coffee auctions, fetching $350.25USD in 2013.[23]
Guadeloupe Bonifieur Arabica Guadeloupe [24]
Hawaiian Kona Arabica Hawaii Grown on the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa in the Kona District on the Big Island of Hawaii. Coffee was first introduced to the Islands by Chief Boki, the Governor of Oahu, in 1825.
Java Arabica, Robusta and interspecific hybrids Indonesia From the island of Java, in Indonesia. This coffee was once so widely traded that "java" became a slang term for coffee. Java encompasses a regional style, not a cultivar of coffee.
K7 Arabica Africa A Kenyan selection of French Mission Bourbon selected at Legelet Estate in Muhoroni, Kenya. Selected based on cupping trials.
Maragogipe Arabica Latin America Typica. It was first discovered near Maragogipe, in Brazil's state Bahia. Maragogype is well known for producing big beans.
Maragaturra Arabica Latin America Maragaturra is a man-made hybrid plant between Caturra and Maragogype.|It was first bred in order to capture the flavor profile of Maragogype with the higher yield and efficiency of the Caturra Varietal.
Mayagüez Arabica Africa A Bourbon cultivar grown in Rwanda.
Mocha Arabica Yemen Yemeni coffee traded through the once major port of Mocha. Not to be confused with the preparation style (coffee with cocoa).
Mundo Novo Arabica Latin America Mundo Novo is a hybrid between Bourbon and Typica|Typica, crossed in the 1940s.
Orange, Yellow Bourbon Arabica Latin America Red Bourbon and Orange Bourbon are types of Bourbon that have been selected from spontaneous mutation.
Pacamara Arabica Latin America Pacamara is a hybrid between the Bourbon mutation Pacas and Maragogype. It was bred in El Salvador in 1958 probably to achieve a Typica|Typica variety that produces larger beans.
Pacas Arabica Latin America A natural mutation of the Bourbon variety found in El Salvador in 1949.
Pache Colis Arabica Latin America Pache Colis is a hybrid between Pache Comum and Caturra. This variety produces distinctly larger fruit and roughly textured foliage.
Pache Comum Arabica Latin America Typica first found in Santa Rosa, Guatemala.
Ruiru 11 Arabica Kenya Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.[25]
S795 Arabica India, Indonesia Probably the most commonly planted Arabica in India and Southeast Asia,[26] known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of mocca. Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties.[26]
Santos Arabica Brazil Brazil Santos is usually used as a grading term for Brazilian coffee rather than a variety of Arabica. The name refers to the port in Brazil where coffee passed through, and was regarded as higher quality than "Brazilian coffee". Brazilian Santos is usually of the Bourbon variety.
Sarchimor Interspecific hybrid Costa Rica, India A hybrid between the Costa Rican Villa Sarchi and the Timor variety. Because of its Timor parent, Sarchimor is quite resistant to leaf rust disease and stem borer. As well as Costa Rica, it is grown in India.
SL28 Arabica Kenya A selection, by Scott Labs in Kenya from the Tanganyika Drought Resistant variety from northern Tanzania in 1931. Excellent flavour, commonly blackcurrant acidity.[22]
SL34 Arabica Kenya Selected by Scott Labs from the French Mission variety grown in Kenya. Selected for its superior cup quality (although inferior to SL28), but not resistant to CBD, CLR or BBC.
Sulawesi Toraja Kalossi Arabica Indonesia Actually the S795 varietal, grown at high altitudes on the island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), Indonesia. Kalossi is the small town in central Sulawesi which serves as the collection point for the coffee and Toraja is the mountainous area in which the coffee is grown. Sulawesi exhibits a rich, full body, well-balanced acidity and is multi-dimensional in character. Sulawesi itself is not a cultivar of coffee.
Sumatra Mandheling and Sumatra Lintong Arabica Indonesia Mandheling is named after the Mandailing people located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The name is the result of a misunderstanding by the first foreign purchaser of the variety, and no coffee is actually produced in the "Mandailing region". Lintong on the other hand, is named after the Lintong district, also located in North Sumatra. This is not a specific cultivar, but rather a region with a specific processing style.
Timor, Arabusta Interspecific hybrid Indonesia Timor is not actually a variety of coffea arabica, but a hybrid of two species of coffee; coffea arabica and coffea canephora (also called Robusta). It was found on the island of Timor around the 1940s and it was cultivated because of its resistance to leaf rust (which most arabica coffee is susceptible to). It is called Hybrido de Timor in the Americas and Tim Tim or Bor Bor in Indonesia. Another hybrid between the two species is called Arabusta but generally only found in Africa.
Typica Arabica Worldwide Typica originated from Yemeni stock, taken first to Malabar, India, and later to Indonesia by the Dutch. It later made its way to the West Indies to the French colony at Martinique. Typica has genetically evolved to produce new characteristics, often considered new varietals: Criollo (South America), Arabigo (Americas), Kona (Hawaii), Pluma Hidalgo (Mexico), Garundang (Sumatra), Blue Mountain (Jamaica, Papua New Guinea), San Bernado & San Ramon (Brazil), Kents & Chickumalgu (India) [27]
Uganda Arabica/Robusta Although it mostly produces Robusta coffee, there is a quality Arabica bean grown there known as Bugishu around the Sipi Falls area.
Brutte Arabica Variety of coffee (arabica) Bred in 2014 in the south of India in g.Madras, 1996 Chennai Tamil Nadu. Grown at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, which in itself is a good indicator. Differ by more quantitative tannin to 14 -15% and trigonelline 1.5 - 1.7%.

Robusta varieties

Unroasted coffee beans of the Robusta variety (Coffea canephora)

Vietnam is the world's largest Robusta producer, with Robusta accounting for 97% of Vietnam's coffee output.[28]

While not separate varieties of bean, unusual and very expensive robustas are the Indonesian Kopi Luwak and the Philippine "Kapéng Alamid". The beans are collected from the droppings of the common palm civet, whose digestive processes give it a distinctive flavor.

Other varieties

Although not as commercially viable as Arabica or Robusta,[29] other species of coffee exist and contain unique varieties. These include Kapeng barako or Café Baraco, (English: Barako coffee), a Liberica. variety grown in the Philippines, particularly in the provinces of Batangas and Cavite. It was introduced during the period of Spanish colonization and the Philippines quickly rose to become the 4th largest producer of coffee in the early 19th century. However, production was cut short due to "coffee rust" infestation.[29]

References

  1. ↑ Oberthür, Thomas; Läderach, Pete; Pohlan, H.A. Jürgen (2012). Specialty Coffee: Managing Quality (1st ed.). International Plant Nutrition Institute. p. 65. ISBN 978-9834450311.
  2. ↑ Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2012). Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production (Second ed.). Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-527-33253-3.
  3. ↑ Jain, Shri Mohan; Priyadarshan, P.M. (2008). Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species. Springer. p. 539. ISBN 978-0387711997.
  4. ↑ "Specialty Coffee Association of America". scaa.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Coffee Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage, The AVI Publishing Company, LLC, 1985, Clifford and Willson, p. 48
  6. 1 2 Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. p. 53. ISBN 0-87055-491-3.
  7. ↑ Jain, Shri Mohan; Priyadarshan, P.M. (2008). Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species. Springer. p. 529. ISBN 978-0387711997.
  8. ↑ Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 48–9. ISBN 0-87055-491-3.
  9. ↑ Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 56–59. ISBN 0-87055-491-3.
  10. ↑ Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. p. 61. ISBN 0-87055-491-3.
  11. ↑ Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. p. 56. ISBN 0-87055-491-3.
  12. ↑ Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2012). Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production (Second ed.). Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA. p. 70. ISBN 978-3-527-33253-3.
  13. 1 2 Clifford, M.N.; Willson, K.C. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: The AVI Publishing Company, Inc. p. 58. ISBN 0-87055-491-3.
  14. ↑ "1.2.5-World coffee trade-World production by type: arabica and robusta". intracen.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  15. ↑ University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. "Coffee". ucanr.edu. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  16. ↑ "Genetic diversity in Tanzanian Arabica coffee using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers". wiley.com. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 "Arabica Coffee Bean Varietals". coffeeresearch.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  18. ↑ http://www.donevelio.com/blogs/news/43885124-specialty-coffee-varietals-caturra-an-exotic-name-from-an-exotic-place-in-brazil
  19. ↑ "Coffeeglossary.net". coffeeglossary.net. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Top 10 - 2009 | International Institute for Species Exploration
  21. ↑ "Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow". BBC. June 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21. Starbucks has agreed a wide-ranging accord with Ethiopia to support and promote its coffee, ending a long-running dispute over the issue.
  22. 1 2 "Account Suspended". crf.co.ke. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  23. ↑ "2013 Best of Panama Coffee Auction".
  24. ↑ "Die genussvolle Welt des Kaffee's". Die genussvolle Welt des Kaffee's. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.
  26. 1 2 Neilson, Jeff; Pritchard, Bill (2009). Value chain struggles: institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 1-4051-7393-9.
  27. ↑ Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2012). Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production (Second ed.). Wiley-VCH VerlangGmbH & Co. KGaA. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-527-33253-3.
  28. ↑ "US shows interest in VN coffee". Vietnam News. June 11, 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  29. 1 2 BACONGUIS, DR ROWENA T. "The Case of San Jose, Batangas" (PDF). East Asia Forum. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
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