Comparison of relational database management systems
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
General information
Maintainer | First public release date | Latest stable version | Latest release date | License | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4D (4th Dimension) | 4D S.A.S. | 1984 | v15.2 | 2015-11-19[1] | Proprietary |
ADABAS | Software AG | 1970 | 8.1 | 2013-06 | Proprietary |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | SAP AG | 1987 | 16.0 | 2015 | Proprietary |
Advantage Database Server (ADS) | SAP AG | 1992 | 11.1 | 2012 | Proprietary |
Altibase | Altibase Corp. | 2000 | 6.1.3 | 2014-04-18 | Proprietary |
Apache Derby | Apache | 2004 | 10.13.1.1[2] | 2016-10-29 | Apache License |
ClustrixDB | Clustrix | 2010 | v7.0 | 2015-08-19 | Proprietary |
CUBRID | NHN Corporation | 2008-11 | 10.0.0 | 2016-02-05 | GPL v2 or later |
Datacom | CA, Inc. | Early 70s[3] | 14[4] | 2012[5] | Proprietary |
DB2 | IBM | 1983 | 11.1 | 2016-04-12 | Proprietary |
Drizzle | Brian Aker | 2008 | 7.2.4 | 2012-09-23 | GPL v2 and v3, with some BSD components |
Empress Embedded Database | Empress Software Inc | 1979 | 10.20 | 2010-03 | Proprietary |
EXASolution | EXASOL AG | 2004 | 4.2.8 | 2014-04-22 | Proprietary |
FileMaker | FileMaker, Inc., an Apple subsidiary | 1985-04 | 15.0v2 | 2016-09-28 | Proprietary |
Firebird | Firebird project | 2000-07-25 | 3.0.1 | 2016-09-27 | IPL[6] and IDPL[7] |
GPUdb | GIS Federal | 2014 | 3.2.5 | 2015-01-14 | Proprietary |
HSQLDB | HSQL Development Group | 2001 | 2.3.4 | 2016-05-16 | BSD |
H2 | H2 Software | 2005 | 1.3.176 | 2014-04-05 | EPL and modified MPL |
Informix Dynamic Server | IBM | 1980 | 12.10.xC7 | 2016-06-15 | Proprietary |
Ingres | Ingres Corp. | 1974 | 10.2 | 2014-09-30 | GPL and Proprietary |
InterBase | Embarcadero | 1984 | XE7 v12.0.4.357 | 2015-08-12 | Proprietary |
Linter SQL RDBMS | RELEX Group | 1990 | 6.0.18, 6.1.15 | 2016-03-15 | Proprietary |
LucidDB | The Eigenbase Project | 2007-01 | 0.9.3 | GPL v2 | |
MariaDB | MariaDB Community | 2010-02-01 | 10.1.19 | 2016-11-07[8] | GPL v2 and LGPL for client-libraries |
MaxDB | SAP AG | 2003-05 | 7.9.0.8 | 2014 | Proprietary |
Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft | 1992 | 16 (2016) | 2015-09-22 | Proprietary |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft | 1984 | 9 (2005) | 2007-10-11 | Proprietary |
Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft | 1989 | 2016 (13) | 2016-06-01 | Proprietary |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Microsoft | 2000 | 2011 (v4.0) | Proprietary | |
MonetDB | The MonetDB Team / CWI | 2004 | Jun2016-SP2 | 2016-10-13 | Mozilla Public License, version 2.0[9] |
mSQL | Hughes Technologies | 1994 | 3.11[10] | 2012-Jun-01 | Proprietary |
MySQL | Oracle Corporation | 1995-11 | 5.7.16[11] | 2016-10-12 | GPL v2 or Proprietary |
MemSQL | MemSQL | 2012-06 | 5.0.7 (2016) | 2016-04-25 | Proprietary |
NexusDB | NexusDB Pty Ltd | 2003 | 4.00.14 | 2015-06-25 | Proprietary |
HP NonStop SQL | Hewlett-Packard | 1987 | SQL/MX 2.3 | Proprietary | |
Omnis Studio | TigerLogic Inc | 1982-07 | 6.1.3 Release 1no | 2015-12 | Proprietary |
OpenBase SQL | OpenBase International | 1991 | 11.0.0 | Proprietary | |
OpenEdge | Progress Software Corporation | 1984 | 11.6.3 | 2016-08-19 | Proprietary |
OpenLink Virtuoso | OpenLink Software | 1998 | 7.2.4 | 2016-04-24 | GPL v2 or Proprietary |
Oracle DB | Oracle Corporation | 1979-11 | 12.1.0.2 | 2014-07-22[12] | Proprietary |
Oracle Rdb | Oracle Corporation | 1984 | 7.3.1.2 | 2014-10-08[13] | Proprietary |
Paradox | Corel Corporation | 1985 | 11 | 2003 | Proprietary |
Pervasive PSQL | Pervasive Software | 1982 | v12 | 2015 | Proprietary |
Polyhedra DBMS | ENEA AB | 1993 | 9.0 | 2015-06-24 | Proprietary, with Polyhedra Lite available as Freeware[14] |
PostgreSQL | PostgreSQL Global Development Group | 1989-06 | 9.6.1 | 2016-10-27[15] | PostgreSQL Licence (a liberal Open Source license)[16] |
R:Base | R:BASE Technologies | 1982 | 10.0 | 2016-05-26 | Proprietary |
Raima Database Manager | Raima Inc. | 1984 | 14.0 | 2016-08-15 | Proprietary |
RDM Server | Raima Inc. | 1993 | 8.4 | 2012-10-31 | Proprietary |
SAP HANA | SAP AG | 2010 | 1.0 SPS12 | 2016-05-11 | Proprietary |
ScimoreDB | Scimore | 2005 | 4.0.2782.26 | 2013-06-18 | Proprietary |
SmallSQL | SmallSQL | 2005-04-16 | 0.21 | 2011-06 | LGPL |
solidDB | UNICOM Global | 1992 | 7.0.0.10 | 2014-04-29 | Proprietary |
SQL Anywhere | Sybase | 1992 | 17.0 | 2015-07-15 | Proprietary |
SQLBase | Unify Corp. | 1982 | 11.5 | 2008-11 | Proprietary |
SQLite | D. Richard Hipp | 2000-09-12 | 3.15.1 | 2016-11-04[17] | Public domain |
SQream DB | SQream Technologies | 2014 | 1.9.9[18] | 2016-10 | Proprietary |
Superbase | Superbase | 1984 | Scientific (2004) | Proprietary | |
Teradata | Teradata | 1984 | 15 | 2014-04 | Proprietary |
Tibero | TmaxData | 1992 | 5.SP1 | 2014-08 | Proprietary |
UniData | Rocket Software | 1988 | 7.2.12 | 2011-10 | Proprietary |
Operating system support
The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.
Windows | OS X | Linux | BSD | UNIX | AmigaOS | Symbian | z/OS | iOS | Android | OpenVMS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
ADABAS | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Advantage Database Server | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Altibase | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Apache Derby | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | No | No |
ClustrixDB | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
CUBRID | Yes | Partial | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Drizzle | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
DB2 | Yes | Yes (Express C) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Empress Embedded Database | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
EXASolution | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
FileMaker | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Firebird | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Maybe | No | No | No |
HSQLDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? | No |
H2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | Yes | No |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial | No | No | ? |
InterBase | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes (Solaris) | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Under Linux on z Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes |
LucidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
MariaDB | Yes | Yes[19] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? | No |
MaxDB | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Maybe | No | No | No |
Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
MonetDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
MySQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes[20] | No |
Omnis Studio | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
OpenBase SQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
OpenEdge | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Oracle Rdb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Pervasive PSQL | Yes | Yes (OEM only) | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Polyhedra | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Under Linux on z Systems[21] | No | Yes | No |
R:Base | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Raima Database Manager | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No |
RDM Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
SAP HANA | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
ScimoreDB | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
SmallSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
solidDB | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Under Linux on z Systems | No | No | No |
SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
SQLBase | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
SQLite | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Maybe | Yes | Yes | No |
SQream DB | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Superbase | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Teradata | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Tibero | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
UniData | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
UniVerse | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Fundamental features
Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.
Database Name | ACID | Referential integrity | Transactions | Fine-grained locking | Multiversion concurrency control | Unicode | Interface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
ADABAS | Yes | No | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party) |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
Advantage Database Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | ? | Yes4 | API & SQL |
Altibase | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | ? | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
Apache Derby | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
ClustrixDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
CUBRID | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
Drizzle | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
DB2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking)[22] | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
Empress Embedded Database | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | API & SQL |
EXASolution | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
Firebird | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | SQL |
HSQLDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | SQL |
H2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes[23] | Yes | SQL |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | Yes | Yes | SQL and JSON |
Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL & QUEL |
InterBase | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes (Except for DDL) | Yes (Row-level locking) | ? | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
LucidDB | Yes | No | No | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
MariaDB | Yes2 | Yes6 | Yes2 except for DDL[24] | Yes (Row-level locking) | Yes | Yes | SQL |
MaxDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
Microsoft Visual FoxPro | No | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | No | GUI & SQL |
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking)[25] | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
MonetDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
MySQL | Yes2 | Yes3 | Yes2 except for DDL[24] | Yes (Row-level locking)[26] | Yes | Yes | GUI 5 & SQL |
OpenBase SQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | GUI & SQL |
Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes except for DDL[24] | Yes (Row-level locking)[27] | Yes | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
Pervasive PSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes6 | API & GUI & SQL |
Polyhedra DBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (optimistic and pessimistic cell-level locking)[28] | ? | Yes | API & SQL |
PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking)[29] | Yes | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
Raima Database Manager | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL & API |
RDM Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL & API |
SAP HANA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | Yes | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
ScimoreDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Partial | SQL |
solidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | ? | Yes | API & SQL |
SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | SQL |
SQLBase | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
SQLite | Yes | Yes | Yes | No (Database-level locking)[30] | No | Optional[31] | API & SQL |
Teradata | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Hash and Partition) | ? | Yes | SQL |
Tibero | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (Row-level locking) | ? | Yes | API & GUI & SQL |
UniData | Yes | No | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Multiple |
UniVerse | Yes | No | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Multiple |
Database Name | ACID | Referential integrity | Transactions | Fine-grained locking | Multiversion concurrency control | Unicode | Interface |
Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
Note (2): MySQL provides ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.[32][33]
Note (3): "For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in CREATE TABLE statements. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines."[34]
Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.
Note (6): MariaDB's default XtraDB engine is ACID compliant.
Limits
Information about data size limits.
Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | Limited | ? | ? | 65,135 | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) | 64 bits | ? | ? | ? |
Advantage Database Server | Unlimited | 16 EiB | 65,530 B | 65,135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength) | 4 GiB | ? | 64 bits | ? | ? | 128 |
Apache Derby | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 1,012 (5,000 in views) | 2,147,483,647 chars | 254 (VARCHAR : 32,672) |
64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 |
ClustrixDB | Unlimited | Unlimited | 64 MB on Appliance, 4 MB on AWS | ? | 64 MB | 64 MB | 64 MB | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 254 |
CUBRID | 2 EB | 2 EB | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 1 GB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 254 |
Drizzle | Unlimited | 64 TB | 8 KB | 1,000 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 KB (text) | 64 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 64 |
DB2 | Unlimited | 2 ZB | 32,677 B | 1,012 | 2 GB | 32 KiB) | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 |
Empress Embedded Database | Unlimited | 263-1 bytes | 2 GB | 32,767 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 0000-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 32 |
EXASolution | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 10,000 | N/A | 2 MB | 128 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 256 |
FileMaker | 8 TB | 8 TB | 8 TB | 256,000,000 | 4 GB | 10,000,000 | 1 billion characters, 10^-400 to 10^400, +- | 0001-01-01 | 4000-12-31 | 100 |
Firebird | Unlimited1 | ~32 TB | 65,536 B | Depends on data types used | 2 GB | 32,767 B | 64 bits | 100 | 32768 | 31 |
HSQLDB | 64 TB | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 64 TB7 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 |
H2 | 64 TB | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 64 TB7 | Unlimited8 | 64 bits | -99999999 | 99999999 | Unlimited8 |
Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | |
Informix Dynamic Server | ~128 PB | ~128 PB | 32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects) | 32,765 | 4 TB | 32,765 | 1032 | 01/01/000110 | 12/31/9999 | 128 bytes |
Ingres | Unlimited | Unlimited | 256 KB | 1,024 | 2 GB | 32 000 B | 64 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 256 |
InterBase | Unlimited1 | ~32 TB | 65,536 B | Depends on data types used | 2 GB | 32,767 B | 64 bits | 100 | 32768 | 31 |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Unlimited | 230 rows | 64 KB (w/o BLOBs), 4 GB (BLOB) | 250 | 4 GB | 4 KB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 66 |
MariaDB | Unlimited | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB; Aria storage limits: ??? | 64 KB3 | 4,0964 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 KB (text) | 64 bits | 1000 | 9999 | 64[35] |
Microsoft Access (JET) | 2 GB | 2 GB | 16 MB | 255 | 64 KB (memo field), 1 GB ("OLE Object" field) | 255 B (text field) | 32 bits | 0100 | 9999 | 64 |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Unlimited | 2 GB | 65,500 B | 255 | 2 GB | 16 MB | 32 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 10 |
Microsoft SQL Server | 524,272 TB (32 767 files * 16 TB max file size) | 524,272 TB | 8,060 bytes/2TB6 | 1,024/30,000(with sparse columns) | 2 GB/Unlimited (using RBS/FILESTREAM object) | 2 GB6 | 126 bits2 | 0001 | 9999 | 128 |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | 4 GB | 4 GB | 8,060 bytes | 1024 | 2 GB | 4000 | 154 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 128 |
MonetDB | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 64 bits | 0 | 9999-12-31 | ? |
MySQL | Unlimited | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB | 64 KB3 | 4,0964 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 KB (text) | 64 bits | 1000 | 9999 | 64 |
OpenLink Virtuoso | 32 TB per instance (Unlimited via elastic cluster) | DB size (or 32 TB) | 4 KB | 200 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 231 | 0 | 9999 | 100 |
Oracle | Unlimited (4 GB * block size per tablespace) | 4 GB * block size (with BIGFILE tablespace) | 8 KB | 1,000 | 128 TB | 32,767 B11 | 126 bits | −4712 | 9999 | 30 |
Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | |
Pervasive PSQL | 4 billion objects | 256 GB | 2 GB | 1,536 | 2 GB | 8,000 bytes | 64 bits | 01-01-0001 | 12-31-9999 | 128 bytes |
Polyhedra | Limited by available RAM, address space | 232 rows | Unlimited | 65,536 | 4 GB (subject to RAM) | 4 GB (subject to RAM) | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 8000-12-31 | 255 |
PostgreSQL | Unlimited | 32 TB | 1.6 TB | 250–1600 depending on type | 1 GB (text, bytea)[36] - stored inline or 4 TB (stored in pg_largeobject)[37] | 1 GB | Unlimited | −4,713 | 5,874,897 | 63 |
Raima Database Manager | Unlimited | 248-1 rows | 32 KB | 1,000 | 4 GB | char: 256, varchar: 4 KB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 11758978-12-31 | 31 |
RDM Server | Unlimited | 264-1 rows | 32 KB | 32,768 | Unlimited | 32 KB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 11758978-12-31 | 32 |
SAP HANA | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
ScimoreDB | Unlimited | 16 EB | 8,050 B | 255 | 16 TB | 8,000 B | 64 bits | ? | ? | ? |
solidDB | 256 TB | 256 TB | 32 KB + BLOB data | Limited by row size | 4 GB | 4 GB | 64 bits | -32768-01-01 | 32767-12-31 | 254 |
SQL Anywhere | 104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32 KB pages)) | Limited by file size | Limited by file size | 45,000 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | ? |
SQLite | 128 TB (231 pages * 64 KB max page size) | Limited by file size | Limited by file size | 32,767 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | No DATE type9 | No DATE type9 | Unlimited |
Teradata | Unlimited | Unlimited | 64000 wo/lobs (64 GB w/lobs) | 2,048 | 2 GB | 64,000 | 38 digits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 |
UniVerse | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited |
Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size |
Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.[38] Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
Note (2): Limit is 1038 using DECIMAL
datatype.[39]
Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding VARBINARY
, VARCHAR
, BLOB
, or TEXT
columns).[40]
Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,000 columns.[40]
Note (6): Using VARCHAR (MAX)
in SQL 2005 and later.[41]
Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per CHAR
/VARCHAR
.
Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,[42] which work for timestamps between 24 November 4714 B.C. and 1 November 5352.
Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to 4000 B.
Tables and views
Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.
Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.[43]
Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.[44]
Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.[45]
Note (5): Materialized views are now standard but can be emulated in versions prior to 9.3 with stored procedures and triggers using PL/pgSQL, PL/Perl, PL/Python, or other procedural languages.[46]
Indexes
Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.
R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text | Spatial | FOT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | ? | Cluster | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Yes | ? | ? |
ADABAS | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
Advantage Database Server | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
Apache Derby | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No[47] | ? | ? |
ClustrixDB | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? |
CUBRID | No | No | Yes[48] | Yes[48] | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Drizzle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
DB2 | No | ? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes[49] | ? | ? |
Empress Embedded Database | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? |
EXASolution | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Firebird | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No[50] | ? | ? |
HSQLDB | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
H2 | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[51] | Yes[52] | ? |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[53] |
Ingres | Yes | Yes | Ingres v10 | No | No | Ingres v10 | No | No | No | ? | ? |
InterBase | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Linter SQL RDBMS10 | No | Yes temporary indexes for equality joins | Yes for some scalar functions like LOWER and UPPER | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[54] | Yes[55] | No |
LucidDB | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? |
MariaDB | Aria and MyISAM tables only[56] | MEMORYy,[56] InnoDB,5 tables only | PERSISTENT virtual columns only [57] | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[58] | MyISAM tables only[59] | ? |
MaxDB | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Microsoft Access (JET) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No[60] | ? | ? |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes2 | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server | Spatial Indexs | Yes4 | Yes3 | Yes | on Computed columns3 | Bitmap filter index for Star Join Query | No | No | Yes[61] | Yes[62] | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No[63] | ? | ? |
MonetDB | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
MySQL | MyISAM tables only | MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,5 tables only | No[64] | No | No | No | No | No | MyISAM tables[65] and, since v5.6.4, InnoDB tables[66] | MyISAM tables only[59] | ? |
Oracle | Yes 11 | Cluster Tables | Yes | Yes 6 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes[67] | Yes[68] | ? |
Oracle Rdb | No | Yes | ? | No | No | ? | No | No | ? | ? | ? |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Cluster | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes (Commercial only) | No |
Pervasive PSQL | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Polyhedra DBMS | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? |
PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes7 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[69] | PostGIS[70] | ? |
Raima Database Manager | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
RDM Server | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
SAP HANA | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
ScimoreDB | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[71] | ? | ? |
solidDB | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
SQL Anywhere | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | ? |
SQLite | Yes[72] | No | Yes[73] | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes[74] | SpatiaLite[75] | ? |
SQream DB | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Teradata | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ?[76] | ? | ? |
UniVerse | Yes | Yes | Yes3 | Yes3 | Yes3 | No | No | No | ? | Yes[77] | ? |
R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text | Spatial | FOT |
Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.[78]
Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column[79] (doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"[80] (proper name not just any view works[81]).
Note (4): Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.
Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index[82] entries as needed.
Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.
Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.
Database capabilities
Union | Intersect | Except | Inner joins | Outer joins | Inner selects | Merge joins | Blobs and Clobs | Common Table Expressions | Windowing Functions | Parallel Query | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
ADABAS | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes |
Advantage Database Server | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No | ? |
Altibase | Yes | Yes | Yes, via MINUS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
Apache Derby | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | No | No | ? |
ClustrixDB | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
CUBRID | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[48] | ? |
Drizzle | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No[83] |
DB2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[84] |
Empress Embedded Database | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
EXASolution | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firebird | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
HSQLDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[85] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[85] |
H2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | experimental[86] | No[87] | ? |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes, via MINUS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[88] |
Ingres | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? |
InterBase | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
LucidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? | ? | ? |
MariaDB | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No[89] | Yes[90] | No[91] |
MaxDB | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ? |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[92] | Yes[93] |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | ? | No | Yes | No | No | ? |
MonetDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
MySQL | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No[89] | No | No[91] |
OpenBase SQL | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes, via MINUS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes 1 | Yes | Yes[94] |
Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
Pervasive PSQL | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | No | No | No |
Polyhedra DBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[95] |
Raima Database Manager | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
RDM Server | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
SAP HANA | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
ScimoreDB | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | LEFT only | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
SmallSQL | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
solidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SQLite | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LEFT only | Yes | No | Yes | 3.8.3+[96] | No | No |
SQream DB | ALL only | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
Teradata | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
UniVerse | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | ? |
Union | Intersect | Except | Inner joins | Outer joins | Inner selects | Merge joins | Blobs and Clobs | Common Table Expressions | Windowing Functions | Parallel Query |
Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY.
Data types
Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | Static | UUID (16-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit), NUMERIC (64-bit) | REAL, FLOAT | REAL, FLOAT | CLOB, TEXT, VARCHAR | BIT, BIT VARYING, BLOB | DURATION, INTERVAL, TIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | PICTURE |
Altibase[97] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC, NUMBER, FLOAT | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB | BLOB, BYTE, NIBBLE, BIT, VARBIT | DATE | GEOMETRY | |
ClustrixDB[98] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BIT(1), BOOLEAN | ENUM, SET, |
CUBRID[99] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT, REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB | BLOB | DATE, DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP | BIT | MONETARY, BIT VARYING, SET, MULTISET, SEQUENCE, ENUM |
Drizzle[100] | Static | INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) | DECIMAL | BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, | BLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP | ENUM, SERIAL | |
Empress Embedded Database | Static | TINYINT, SQL_TINYINT, or INTEGER8; SMALLINT, SQL_SMALLINT, or INTEGER16; INTEGER, INT, SQL_INTEGER, or INTEGER32; BIGINT, SQL_BIGINT, or INTEGER64 | REAL, SQL_REAL, or FLOAT32; DOUBLE PRECISION, SQL_DOUBLE, or FLOAT64; FLOAT, or SQL_FLOAT; EFLOAT | DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, SQL_DECIMAL, or SQL_NUMERIC; DOLLAR | CHARACTER, ECHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, NATIONAL CHARACTER, NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING, NLSCHARACTER, CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, TEXT, NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, NLSTEXT | BINARY LARGE OBJECT or BLOB; BULK | DATE, EDATE, TIME, ETIME, EPOCH_TIME, TIMESTAMP, MICROTIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | SEQUENCE 32, SEQUENCE |
EXASolution | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, | REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE | DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, NUMBER | CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB | N/A | DATE, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN, BOOL | GEOMETRY |
FileMaker[101] | Static | Not Supported | Not Supported | NUMBER | TEXT | CONTAINER | TIMESTAMP | Not Supported | |
Firebird[102] | ? | INT64, INTEGER, SMALLINT | DOUBLE, FLOAT | DECIMAL, NUMERIC, DECIMAL(18, 4), DECIMAL(10, 4) | BLOB, CHAR, CHAR(x) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS, VARCHAR(x) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS, VARCHAR | BLOB SUB_TYPE TEXT, BLOB | TIMESTAMP | CHAR(1), INTEGER | TIMESTAMP, CHAR(38) |
HSQLDB[103] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | DOUBLE (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR, CLOB | BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | OTHER (object), BIT, BIT VARYING, ARRAY |
Informix Dynamic Server[104] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), INT8 (64-bit proprietary), BIGINT (64-bit) | SMALLFLOAT (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) | DECIMAL (32 digits float/fixed), MONEY | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LVARCHAR, CLOB, TEXT | TEXT, BYTE, BLOB, CLOB | DATE, DATETIME, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | SET, LIST, MULTISET, ROW, TIMESERIES, SPATIAL, JSON, BSON, USER DEFINED TYPES |
Ingres[105] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT4 (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) | DECIMAL | C, CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LONG NVARCHAR, TEXT | BYTE, VARBYTE, LONG VARBYTE (BLOB) | DATE, ANSIDATE, INGRESDATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | N/A | MONEY, OBJECT_KEY, TABLE_KEY, USER-DEFINED DATA TYPES (via OME) |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Static + Dynamic (in stored procedures) | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, BLOB | BYTE, VARBYTE, BLOB | DATE | BOOLEAN | GEOMETRY, EXTFILE |
MariaDB[106] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BIT(1), BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT | ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon) |
Microsoft SQL Server[107] | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL | NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLMONEY, MONEY | CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT | BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE, FILESTREAM | DATE, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATETIME2, SMALLDATETIME, DATETIME, TIME | BIT | CURSOR, TIMESTAMP, HIERARCHYID, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, XML, TABLE, Geometry, Geography |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)[108] | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL | NUMERIC, DECIMAL, MONEY | NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT | BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE | DATETIME | BIT | TIMESTAMP, ROWVERSION, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, IDENTITY, ROWGUIDCOL |
MonetDB | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE | NUMERIC, DECIMAL | VARCHAR(n),CHAR(n),CLOB | BLOB | DATE, TIME, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP | BIT | TIME WITH TIME ZONE TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, DAY, MONTH, YEAR, INTERVAL |
MySQL[98] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BIT(1), BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT | ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon) |
OpenLink Virtuoso[109] | Static + Dynamic | INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT | REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, FLOAT, FLOAT'('INTNUM')' | DECIMAL, DECIMAL'('INTNUM')', DECIMAL'('INTNUM', 'INTNUM')', NUMERIC, NUMERIC'('INTNUM')', NUMERIC'('INTNUM', 'INTNUM')' | CHARACTER, CHAR'('INTNUM')', VARCHAR, VARCHAR'('INTNUM')', NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR'('INTNUM')' | BLOB | TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, TIME, DATE | n/a | ANY, REFERENCE (IRI, URI), UDT (User Defined Type), GEOMETRY (BOX, BOX2D, BOX3D, BOXM, BOXZ, BOXZM, CIRCULARSTRING, COMPOUNDCURVE, CURVEPOLYGON, EMPTY, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONM, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONZ, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONZM, LINESTRING, LINESTRINGM, LINESTRINGZ, LINESTRINGZM, MULTICURVE, MULTILINESTRING, MULTILINESTRINGM, MULTILINESTRINGZ, MULTILINESTRINGZM, MULTIPOINT, MULTIPOINTM, MULTIPOINTZ, MULTIPOINTZM, MULTIPOLYGON, MULTIPOLYGONM, MULTIPOLYGONZ, MULTIPOLYGONZM, POINT, POINTM, POINTZ, POINTZM, POLYGON, POLYGONM, POLYGONZ, POLYGONZM, POLYLINE, POLYLINEZ, RING, RINGM, RINGZ, RINGZM) |
Oracle[110] | Static + Dynamic (through ANYDATA) | NUMBER | BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE | NUMBER | CHAR, VARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB, NVARCHAR2, NCHAR, LONG (deprecated) | BLOB, RAW, LONG RAW (deprecated), BFILE | DATE, TIMESTAMP (with/without TIMEZONE), INTERVAL | N/A | SPATIAL, IMAGE, AUDIO, VIDEO, DICOM, XMLType |
Pervasive PSQL[111] | Static | BIGINT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, TINYINT, UBIGINT, UINTEGER, USMALLINT, UTINYINT | BFLOAT4, BFLOAT8, DOUBLE, FLOAT | DECIMAL, NUMERIC, NUMERICSA, NUMERICSLB, NUMERICSLS, NUMERICSTB, NUMERICSTS | CHAR, LONGVARCHAR, VARCHAR | BINARY, LONGVARBINARY, VARBINARY | DATE, DATETIME, TIME | BIT | CURRENCY, IDENTITY, SMALLIDENTITY, TIMESTAMP, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER |
Polyhedra[112] | Static | INTEGER8 (8-bit), INTEGER(16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), INTEGER64 (64-bit) | FLOAT32 (32-bit), FLOAT (aka REAL; 64-bit) | N/A | VARCHAR, LARGE VARCHAR (aka CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT) | LARGE BINARY (aka BINARY LARGE OBJECT) | DATETIME | BOOLEAN | N/A |
PostgreSQL[113] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE PRECISION (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT | BYTEA | DATE, TIME (with/without TIMEZONE), TIMESTAMP (with/without TIMEZONE), INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | ENUM, POINT, LINE, LSEG, BOX, PATH, POLYGON, CIRCLE, CIDR, INET, MACADDR, BIT, UUID, XML, JSON, JSONB, arrays, composites, ranges, custom |
Raima Database Manager[114] | Static | tinyint, smallint, integer, bigint | real, float, double | N/A | char, varchar, wchar, varwchar, long varchar, long varwchar | binary, varbinary, long varbinary | date, time, timestamp | bit | N/A |
RDM Server[115] | Static | tinyint, smallint, integer, bigint | real, float, double | decimal, numeric | char, varchar, wchar, varwchar, long varchar, long varwchar | binary, varbinary, long varbinary | date, time, timestamp | bit | rowid |
SAP HANA | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT | SMALLDECIMAL, REAL, DOUBLE, FLOAT, FLOAT(n) | DECIMAL | VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM, SHORTTEXT | VARBINARY, BINTEXT, BLOB | DATE, TIME, SECONDDATE, TIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | CLOB, NCLOB, TEXT, ARRAY, ST_GEOMETRY, ST_POINT, ST_MULTIPOINT, ST_LINESTRING, ST_MULTILINESTRING, ST_POLYGON, ST_MULTIPOLYGON, ST_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, ST_CIRCULARSTRING |
solidDB | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (64-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC (51 digits) | CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, WCHAR, WVARCHAR, LONG WVARCHAR | BINARY, VARBINARY, LONG VARBINARY | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP | ||
SQLite[116] | Dynamic | INTEGER (64-bit) | REAL (aka FLOAT, DOUBLE) (64-bit) | N/A | TEXT (aka CHAR, CLOB) | BLOB | N/A | N/A | N/A |
SQream DB[117] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka FLOAT) (64-bit) | N/A | CHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR | N/A | DATE, DATETIME (aka TIMESTAMP) | BOOL | N/A |
Teradata | Static | BYTEINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC (38 digits) | CHAR, VARCHAR, CLOB | BYTE, VARBYTE, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP (w/wo TIMEZONE) | PERIOD, INTERVAL, GEOMETRY, XML, JSON, UDT (User Defined Type) | |
UniData | Dynamic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
UniVerse | Dynamic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other |
Other objects
Information about what other objects are supported natively.
Data Domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function 1 | Procedure 1 | External routine 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
ADABAS | ? | Yes | ? | Yes? | Yes? | Yes |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Advantage Database Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Altibase | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Apache Derby | No | Yes | Yes | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes 2 |
ClustrixDB | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
CUBRID | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes 2 | Yes |
Drizzle | Yes | Yes | Yes 4 | Yes 4 | Yes 4 | Yes 4 |
Empress Embedded Database | Yes via RANGE CHECK | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
EXASolution | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
DB2 | Yes via CHECK CONSTRAINT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firebird | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
HSQLDB | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
H2 | Yes | No | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes via CHECK | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes 5 |
Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
InterBase | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Linter SQL RDBMS | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
LucidDB | No | Yes | No | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes 2 |
MariaDB | No 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
MaxDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes, But single DML/DDL Operation | Yes |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
MonetDB | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
MySQL | No 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
OpenBase SQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Pervasive PSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Polyhedra DBMS | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Raima Database Manager | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
RDM Server | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
SAP HANA | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
ScimoreDB | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
solidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SQLite | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Teradata | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
UniData | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
UniVerse | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Data Domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function 1 | Procedure 1 | External routine 1 |
Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.
Note (3): ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.
Note (4): In Drizzle the user codes functions and procedures in C++.
Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.
Partitioning
Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.
Range | Hash | Composite (Range+Hash) | List | Expression | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th Dimension | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
ADABAS | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? |
Advantage Database Server | No | No | No | No | ? |
Altibase | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? |
Apache Derby | No | No | No | No | ? |
ClustrixDB | Yes | No | No | No | No |
CUBRID | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? |
IBM DB2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
Empress Embedded Database | No | No | No | No | ? |
EXASolution | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Firebird | No | No | No | No | ? |
HSQLDB | No | No | No | No | ? |
H2 | No | No | No | No | ? |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
InterBase | No | No | No | No | ? |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
MariaDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
MaxDB | No | No | No | No | ? |
Microsoft Access (JET) | No | No | No | No | ? |
Microsoft Visual Foxpro | No | No | No | No | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | No | No | No | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No | No | No | No | ? |
MonetDB | No | No | No | No | No |
MySQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
OpenBase SQL | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Pervasive PSQL | No | No | No | No | No |
Polyhedra DBMS | No | No | No | No | No |
PostgreSQL | Yes1 | Yes1 | Yes1 | Yes1 | ? |
Raima Database Manager | Yes2 | Yes2 | Yes2 | No | ? |
RDM Server | No | No | No | No | ? |
SAP HANA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
ScimoreDB | No | Yes | No | No | ? |
solidDB | Yes | No | No | No | ? |
SQL Anywhere | No | No | No | No | ? |
SQLite | No | No | No | No | ? |
Teradata | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
UniVerse | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
Range | Hash | Composite (Range+Hash) | List | Expression |
Note (1): PostgreSQL 8.1 provides partitioning support through check constraints. Range, List and Hash methods can be emulated with PL/pgSQL or other procedural languages.[118]
Note (2): Raima Database Manager 14.0 requires the application programs to select the correct partition (using range, hash or composite techniques) when adding data, but the database union functionality allows all partitions to be read as a single database.[119]
Access control
Information about access control functionalities (work in progress).
Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit | Resource limit | Separation of duties (RBAC)5 | Security Certification | Label Based Access Control (LBAC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4D | Yes (with SSL) | ? | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes (optional; to pay) | Yes | Yes (optional ?) | Yes | Partial (need to register; depend on which product)[120] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+ 1) | ? |
Advantage Database Server | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
DB2 | Yes | ? | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…) | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+6) | ? |
Empress Embedded Database | ? | ? | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | ? |
EXASolution | No | No | Yes (LDAP) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? |
Firebird | No | Yes[121] | Yes (Windows trusted authenification) | No | Partial (no security page)[122] | Yes | Yes[123] | No | No7 | ? | ? |
HSQLDB | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | ? |
H2 | Yes | Yes | ? | No | ? | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | No | ? |
Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | ? | Yes10 | ?10 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes |
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes (with SSL) | Yes | Yes | Yes (length only) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
MariaDB | Yes (SSL) | No | Yes (with 5.2, but not on Windows servers) | Yes[124][125] | Yes[126] | Yes | ? | ? | ?8 | No | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | ? | Yes (Microsoft Active Directory) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (From 2008) | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+11) | ? |
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No (not relevant, only file permissions) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | Yes | Yes (file access) | Yes | Yes | No | ? | ? |
MySQL | Yes (SSL with 4.0) | No | Yes (with 5.5, but only in commercial edition) | No | Partial (no security page)[127] | Yes | ? | ? | ?8 | Yes | ? |
OpenBase SQL | Yes | ? | Yes (Open Directory, LDAP) | No | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (optional) | Yes (optional) | Yes | Yes (optional) | Yes (optional) | Yes | No | ? |
Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+1) | ? |
Pervasive PSQL | Yes | ? | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes 12 | No | No | No | ? |
Polyhedra DBMS | Yes (with SSL. Optional) | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes 13 | Yes | Yes 13 | No | ? |
PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes (for 9.1) | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…9) | Yes (as of 9.0 with passwordcheck module) | Yes[128] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL11) | ? |
Raima Database Manager | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | ? |
RDM Server | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | ? |
SAP HANA | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
solidDB | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
SQL Anywhere | Yes | ? | Yes (Kerberos) | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes (EAL3+1 as Adaptive Server Anywhere) | ? |
SQLite | No (not relevant, only file permissions) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | Partial (no security page)[129] | Yes (file access) | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? |
Teradata | Yes | No | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…) | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit | Resource limit | Separation of duties (RBAC)5 | Security Certification | Label Based Access Control (LBAC) |
Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?
Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list.[130]
Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.
Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install.[131]
Note (9): Authentication methods.[132]
Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
Note (11): Authentication methods.[133]
Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.
Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.[134]
Databases vs schemas (terminology)
The SQL specification makes clear what an "SQL schema" is; however, different databases implement it incorrectly. To compound this confusion the functionality can, when incorrectly implemented, overlap with that of the parent-database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database, things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot ".
". This seems to be a universal amongst all of the implementations.
A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such: SELECT * FROM database.schema.table
Now, the issue, both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo" from another like named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:
-
SELECT * FROM db1.foo
vs.SELECT * FROM db2.foo
(no explicit schema between db and table) -
SELECT * FROM [db1.]default.foo
vs.SELECT * FROM [db1.]alternate.foo
(no explicit db prefix)
The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to Postgres-schemas, insomuch as Postgres lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.
MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that CREATE SCHEMA
and CREATE DATABASE
are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, Postgres fully supports schemas but lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support true schemas.
Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the Oracle 'shared-everything' RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different server. In the Oracle view, the 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.
Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance, like MySQL. It supports the CREATE SCHEMA syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.
The end result is confusion between the database factions. The Postgres and Oracle communities maintain that one database is all that is needed for one project, per the definition of database. MySQL and Informix proponents maintain that schemas have no legitimate purpose when the functionality can be achieved with databases. Postgres adheres to the SQL specification, in a more intuitive fashion (bottom-up), while MySQL's pragmatic counterargument allows their users to get the job done while creating conceptual confusion.
PostgreSQL and some other databases have recently added support for foreign schemas, the ability to import schemas from other servers, as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of SQL:2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema.[135] While support for ISO/IEC 9075-9 bridges the gap between the two competing philosophies surround schemas, MySQL and Informix maintain an implicit association between databases while ISO/IEC 9075-9 requires that any such linkages be explicit in nature.
See also
- Relational database management system (includes market share data)
- List of relational database management systems
- Comparison of object-relational database management systems
- Comparison of database tools
- Object Database - some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
References
- ↑ http://www.4d.com/products/lifecycle.html
- ↑ "Apache Derby: Downloads". Retrieved 2016-10-29.
- ↑ Stevens, O. (Oct–Dec 2009). "The History of Datacom/DB". Annals of the History of Computing. IEEE. 31 (4): 87–91. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.108. ISSN 1058-6180. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
- ↑ "CA Datacom - CA Technologies".
- ↑ "Datacom Product Sheet" (PDF).
- ↑ IPL, Firebird SQL
- ↑ IDPL, Firebird SQL
- ↑ "MariaDB 10.1.19 Release Notes". mariadb.com. 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ↑ MonetDB Jul2015 released, CWI
- ↑ mSQL, Products, AU: Hughes
- ↑ "MySQL 5.7 Release Notes". mysql.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ↑ Dietrich, Mike (22 July 2014). "Oracle Database 12.1.0.2 is available!!!". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ↑ Oracle Rdb Product Family Compatibility Matrix, Oracle Corporation
- ↑ Polyhedra® Lite In-Memory Relational Database System Freeware Available Now from Enea, Press Release, EECatalog.
- ↑ "PostgreSQL 9.6.1, 9.5.5, 9.4.10, 9.3.15, 9.2.19 and 9.1.24 Released!". PostgreSQL. The PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
- ↑ License, PostgreSQL Community
- ↑ SQLite Release History, SQLite
- ↑ SQream Technologies Twitter, SQream Technologies
- ↑ "Building MariaDB on Mac OS X using Homebrew". AskMonty KnowledgeBase. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ↑ http://techotv.com/run-apache-mysql-php-http-web-server-android-os-phone-tablet/ Run Apache, Mysql, Php – Web server on Android mobile or Tablet
- ↑ http://www.oss4zos.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=PostgreSQL#z.2FOS
- ↑ DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows 9.7.0>Fundamentos de DB2>Performance tuning>Factors affecting performance>Application design>Concurrency issues>Isolation levels
- ↑ http://www.h2database.com/html/advanced.html#mvcc
- 1 2 3 Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL: A Competitive Analysis
- ↑ SQL Server Transaction Locking and Row Versioning Guide
- ↑ MySQL :: MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual :: 8.10.1 Internal Locking Methods
- ↑ Oracle Row Lock and Row Level Locking
- ↑ [developer.polyhedra.com/history/polyhedra-8-7 Polyhedra 8.7 new headline feature: locking]
- ↑ PostgreSQL: Documentation: devel: Explicit Locking
- ↑ File Locking And Concurrency In SQLite Version 3
- ↑ SQLite Full Unicode support is optional and not installed by default in most systems (like Android, Debian…)
- ↑ "MySQL - The InnoDB Storage Engine".
- ↑ "InnoDB - Oracle Wiki".
- ↑ "MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual".
- ↑ "Identifier Names". MariaDB KnowledgeBase. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
- ↑ http://grokbase.com/t/postgresql/pgsql-general/12bsww982c/large-insert-leads-to-invalid-memory-alloc
- ↑ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/lo-intro.html
- ↑ Technical Specifications, Guide, Firebird SQL
- ↑ Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- 1 2 "Column count limit", Reference Manual, MySQL Documentation (5.1), Oracle
- ↑ "Row-Overflow Considerations", TechNet Library, SQL Server Documentation (2012), Microsoft
- ↑ "Date functions", Language, SQLite
- ↑ Online books, Sybase
- ↑ Informix Performance Guide, Info Centre, IBM
- ↑ Archives, Pure (13), Red Noize
- ↑ "Materialized Views", PostgreSQL, Jonathan Gardner
- ↑ "Derby", Full Text Indexing, Search, Issues, Apache
- 1 2 3 "CUBRID 9.0 release".
- ↑ Full-text search with DB2 Text Search, Developer Works, IBM
- ↑ Does Firebird support full-text search?, Firebird FAQ
- ↑ Fulltext Search, Tutorial, H2 Database
- ↑ Create Spatial Index, Grammar, H2 Database
- ↑ Forest of Trees Index, Informix Infocenter, IBM
- ↑ Full Text Search Functions (PDF), Documentation, RU: Linter
- ↑ Characteristics, Documentation, RU: Linter
- 1 2 "Storage Engine Index Types". mariadb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ↑ Virtual Columns - MariaDB Knowledge Base
- ↑ "Fulltext Index Overview". mariadb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- 1 2 Creating Spatial Indexes, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ Does Microsoft Access have Full Text Search?, Questions, Stack Overflow
- ↑ "Microsoft SQL Server Full-Text Search", Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ "Spatial Indexing Overview", Library, Tech Net, Microsoft
- ↑ "Microsoft SQL Server Compact Full-text search is not available", Forums, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ "Feature request #4990: Functional Indexes", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ "Feature request #13979: InnoDB engine doesn't support FULLTEXT", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ "MySQL v5.6.4 Release Notes", Release Notes, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ Does Oracle support full text search?, Questions, Stack Overflow
- ↑ "Location Features for Database 11g", Spatial & Locator, Tech Network, Oracle
- ↑ Full Text Search, Documentation (8.4), PostgreSQL community
- ↑ "4", Manual, PostGIS, PostGIS PSC
- ↑ How to get started | Free text search queries in SQL, ScimoreDB
- ↑ The SQLite R*Tree Module
- ↑ SQLite Expression Indexes
- ↑ SQLite FTS3 Extension
- ↑ SpatiaLite (2.3.1), IT: Gaia GIS
- ↑ Full-Text Search, Online Publications, Teradata
- ↑ geospatial
- ↑ UDF, Ad Hoc Data
- ↑ "Create DB", Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ "SQL", Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ Petkovic, Dusan (2005). Microsoft SQL Server 2005: A Beginner's Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-07-226093-9.
- ↑ "InnoDB adaptive Hash", Reference manual, Development documentation (5.0), Oracle
- ↑ How does Drizzle handle parallel "things"?
- ↑ "Article", Library, Developer Works, IBM
- 1 2 New Features in HyperSQL 2.2
- ↑ H2 > Advanced > Recursive Queries
- ↑ H2 Roadmap
- ↑ Informix parallel data query (PDQ)
- 1 2 "Feature request #16244: SQL-99 Derived table WITH clause (CTE)", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ "Window Functions Overview". mariadb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- 1 2 "Feature request #1542: Parallel query", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ Only very limited functions available before SQL Server 2012, Microsoft
- ↑ "SQL Server Parallel Query Processing", Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ Parallel Query, Wiki, Ora FAQ
- ↑ Parallel Query, PostgreSQL
- ↑ SQLite Query Language: WITH clause
- ↑ "Data Types", General Reference, HDB, Altibase
- 1 2 "10. Data Types", Reference manual, MySQL (5.0), Oracle
- ↑ "Data Types", CUBRID SQL Guide, Reference Manual, CUBRID
- ↑ Built-in Column Types, Documents, Drizzle
- ↑ "FileMaker 14 Tech Specs". FileMaker=May 12, 2015.
- ↑ "Migration from MS-SQL to Firebird". Firebird Project. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
- ↑ "General: HSQLDB data types", Guide, Documents (2.0), HSQLDB
- ↑ "IBM Informix Guide to SQL: Reference, v11.50 (SC23-7750-04)". Publications. IBM. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
- ↑ "3: Understanding SQL Data Types", SQL Reference Guide, Doucments (9.3), Ingres
- ↑ "Data Types". mariadb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ↑ "SQL Server Data Types", Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ "SQL Server Compact Data Types", Library, MSDN, Microsoft
- ↑ "Datatypes", SQL Reference, OpenLink Software
- ↑ "Data Types", SQL Reference, Server documents (11.2), Oracle
- ↑ "Data Types", Pervasive PSQL Supported Data Types, Product documentation, Pervasive
- ↑ Polyhedra SQL Reference Manual, Product documentation, Enea AB
- ↑ "Data Types", Manual, Documents (8.4), PostgreSQL community
- ↑ "Defining a Database", SQL Reference (14.0), Raima
- ↑ "Defining Table Columns", SQL Reference (8.3), Raima
- ↑ Datatypes (3), SQLite
- ↑ SQream SQL Reference Guide, SQream Technologies
- ↑ "Release", Documents, Developer (8.1), PostgreSQL community
- ↑ "Database Unions", User's Guide (14.0), Raima
- ↑ Support, Downloads, Sybase
- ↑ "Release", Engine, Development (2.0), Firebird SQL
- ↑ Files, Firebird SQL
- ↑ "Trace and Audit Services". Firebird Project. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
- ↑ "cracklib_password_check". mariadb.com. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ↑ "simple_password_check". mariadb.com. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ↑ "Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in MariaDB". mariadb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ↑ "Downloads", Development, MySQL, Oracle
- ↑ Security, Support, PostgreSQL community
- ↑ Download, SQLite
- ↑ DB, Products, Common Criteria Portal
- ↑ Backup MySQL, How to, Gentoo wiki
- ↑ Authentication methods, Documents (8.1), PostgreSQL community
- ↑ Common Criteria (CC, ISO15408), Microsoft
- ↑ Adding audit trails to a Polyhedra IMDB database, White Paper, Enea AB
- ↑ "PostgreSQL: Documentation: 9.5: IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA". www.postgresql.org. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
External links
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: SQL dialects reference |
- Comparison of different SQL implementations against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. (08/Jun/2007)
- The SQL92 standard