Points of the compass

"Compass point" redirects here. For other uses, see Compass Point (disambiguation).
A 32-point compass rose

The points of the compass, specifically on the compass rose, mark divisions of a compass; such divisions may be referred to as "winds" or "directions". A compass point allows reference to a specific heading (or course or azimuth) in a general or colloquial fashion, without having to compute or remember degrees.

A compass is primarily divided into the four cardinal points — north, south, east, and west. These are often further subdivided by the addition of the four intercardinal (or ordinal) directions — northeast (NE) between north and east, southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW) - to indicate the eight principal winds. In meteorological usage, further intermediate points between cardinal and ordinal points, such as north-northeast (NNE) between north and northeast, are added to give the sixteen points of a wind compass.[1] At the most complete division in European tradition, are the full thirty-two points of the mariner's compass,[2] which adds points such as north by east (NbE) between north and north-northeast, and northeast by north (NEbN) between north-northeast and northeast.

Although the European nautical tradition retained the term "one point" to describe  1⁄32 of a circle (in such phrases as "two points to starboard"), by the middle of the eighteenth century, the 32-point system was further extended with half- and quarter-points to allow 128 directions to be differentiated.[3] For most applications, the fractional points have been superseded by degrees measured clockwise from North.

In ancient China 24 points of the compass were used, measuring fifteen degrees between points.

Compass point names

A 16-point compass rose

The names of the compass directions follow the 32-point wind compass rose follow these rules:

16-wind compass rose

32-wind compass points

A 32-wind compass card, with English names

All of the above named points plus the sixteen quarter winds listed in the next paragraph define the 32 points of the wind compass rose.

The name of a quarter-wind is "X by Y", where X is a principal wind and Y is a cardinal wind. As a mnemonic device, it is useful to think of "X by Y" as a shortcut for the phrase "one quarter wind from X towards Y", where a "quarter" is  11 1⁄4°, X is the nearest principal wind, and Y the next (more distant) cardinal wind. So "northeast by east" means "one quarter from NE towards E", "southwest by south" means "one quarter from SW towards S". The eight principal winds, eight half-winds and sixteen quarter winds together yield a 32-wind compass rose, with each compass direction point at  11 1⁄4° angle from the next. In the mariner's exercise of boxing the compass, all thirty-two points of the compass are named in clockwise order.[6]

The title of the Alfred Hitchcock 1959 movie, North by Northwest, is actually not a direction point on the 32-wind compass, but the film contains a reference to Northwest Airlines. Similarly, the names of the two film festivals South by Southwest and North by Northeast are not 32-wind compass points; a quarter wind whose name contains both a cardinal and an ordinal direction is named with the ordinal direction first.

Traditional names

The traditional compass rose of eight winds (and its 16-wind and 32-wind derivatives) was invented by seafarers in the Mediterranean Sea during the Middle Ages (the ancient Greco-Roman 12 classical compass winds have little to do with them). The traditional mariner's wind names were expressed in Italian – or, more precisely, the Italianate Mediterranean lingua franca common among sailors in the 13th and 14th centuries, that was principally composed of Genoese (Ligurian), mixed with Venetian, Sicilian, Provençal, Catalan, Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean basin.

32-wind compass with traditional names (and traditional colour code).

This Italianate patois was used to designate the names of the principal winds on the compass rose found in mariner compasses and portolan charts of the 14th and 15th centuries. The "traditional" names of the eight principal winds are:

Local spelling variations are far more numerous than listed, e.g. Tramutana, Gregale, Grecho, Sirocco, Xaloc, Lebeg, Libezo, Leveche, Mezzodi, Migjorn, Magistro, Mestre, etc. Traditional compass roses will typically have the initials T, G, L, S, O, L, P, and M on the main points. Portolan charts also colour-coded the compass winds: black for the eight principal winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds.

In the English compass, all wind names are constructed on the basis of the cardinal four names (N, E, S, W). In the traditional compass, one needs to memorize eight basic names – one for each of the eight principal winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW.) While there are more names to memorize, the payoff is that the name construction rules for the 32-wind compass are more straightforward. The half-winds are just a combination of the two principal winds it bisects, with the shortest name usually coming first (e.g. NNE is "Greco-Tramontana", ENE is "Greco-Levante", SSE is "Ostro-Scirocco", etc.). The quarter winds are expressed with an Italian phrase, "Quarto di X verso Y" (one quarter from X towards Y, pronounced [ˈkwarto di ˈiks ˈvɛrso ˈipsilon][7][8][9]) or "X al Y" (X to Y) or "X per Y" (X by Y). There are no irregularities to trip over: the nearest principal wind always comes first, the more distant one second, e.g. North-by-east is "Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco", northeast-by-north "Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana". The names are perfectly symmetric.

32 cardinal points

# Compass point Abbreviation Traditional wind point Minimum Middle
azimuth		 Maximum
1 North N Tramontana 354.38° 0.00° 5.62°
2 North by east NbE Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco 5.63° 11.25° 16.87°
3 North-northeast NNE Greco-Tramontana 16.88° 22.50° 28.12°
4 Northeast by north NEbN Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana 28.13° 33.75° 39.37°
5 Northeast NE Greco 39.38° 45.00° 50.62°
6 Northeast by east NEbE Quarto di Greco verso Levante 50.63° 56.25° 61.87°
7 East-northeast ENE Greco-Levante 61.88° 67.50° 73.12°
8 East by north EbN Quarto di Levante verso Greco 73.13° 78.75° 84.37°
9 East E Levante 84.38° 90.00° 95.62°
10 East by south EbS Quarto di Levante verso Scirocco 95.63° 101.25° 106.87°
11 East-southeast ESE Levante-Scirocco 106.88° 112.50° 118.12°
12 Southeast by east SEbE Quarto di Scirocco verso Levante 118.13° 123.75° 129.37°
13 Southeast SE Scirocco 129.38° 135.00° 140.62°
14 Southeast by south SEbS Quarto di Scirocco verso Ostro 140.63° 146.25° 151.87°
15 South-southeast SSE Ostro-Scirocco 151.88° 157.50° 163.12°
16 South by east SbE Quarto di Ostro verso Scirocco 163.13° 168.75° 174.37°
17 South S Ostro 174.38° 180.00° 185.62°
18 South by west SbW Quarto di Ostro verso Libeccio 185.63° 191.25° 196.87°
19 South-southwest SSW Ostro-Libeccio 196.88° 202.50° 208.12°
20 Southwest by south SWbS Quarto di Libeccio verso Ostro 208.13° 213.75° 219.37°
21 Southwest SW Libeccio 219.38° 225.00° 230.62°
22 Southwest by west SWbW Quarto di Libeccio verso Ponente 230.63° 236.25° 241.87°
23 West-southwest WSW Ponente-Libeccio 241.88° 247.50° 253.12°
24 West by south WbS Quarto di Ponente verso Libeccio 253.13° 258.75° 264.37°
25 West W Ponente 264.38° 270.00° 275.62°
26 West by north WbN Quarto di Ponente verso Maestro 275.63° 281.25° 286.87°
27 West-northwest WNW Maestro-Ponente 286.88° 292.50° 298.12°
28 Northwest by west NWbW Quarto di Maestro verso Ponente 298.13° 303.75° 309.37°
29 Northwest NW Maestro 309.38° 315.00° 320.62°
30 Northwest by north NWbN Quarto di Maestro verso Tramontana 320.63° 326.25° 331.87°
31 North-northwest NNW Maestro-Tramontana 331.88° 337.50° 343.12°
32 North by west NbW Quarto di Tramontana verso Maestro 343.13° 348.75° 354.37°

Half- and quarter-points

Compass Rose from "American Practical Navigator" 1916

By at least the middle of the eighteenth century the 32-point system had been further extended with the use of half- and quarter-points to give a total of 128 directions.[3] These fractional points are named by appending, for example 1/4east, 1/2east, or 3/4east to the name of one of the 32 points. Each of the 96 fractional points can be named in two ways, depending of which of the two adjoining whole points is used, for example, N3/4E is equivalent to NbE1/4N. Either form is easily understood but differing conventions as to correct usage developed in different countries and organisations.

The table below shows how each of the 128 directions are named. The first two columns give the number of points and degrees clockwise from north. The third gives the equivalent bearing to the nearest degree from north or south towards east or west. The "CW" column gives the fractional-point bearings increasing in the clockwise direction and "CCW" counter clockwise. The final three columns show three common naming conventions: No "by" avoids the use of "by" with fractional points; "USN" the system used by US Navy;[10] and "RN" the Royal Navy.[11] The colour coding illustrates where each of the three naming systems matches the "CW" and "CCW" columns.

Compass roses very rarely named the fractional points and only showed small, unlabelled markers as a guide for helmsmen.

See also

References

  1. ↑ David Boardman Graphicacy and Geography Teaching 1983 – Page 41 "In particular they should learn that wind direction is always stated as the direction from which, and not to which, the wind is blowing. Once children have grasped these eight points they can learn the full sixteen points of the compass."
  2. ↑ Evans, Frederick John (1859). "Notes on the Magnetism of Ships". Pamphlets on British shipping. 1785–1861. By unknown editor. p. 8 (p. 433 of PDF). ISBN 0-217-85167-3. A deviation table having been formed by any of the processes now.so generally understood, either on the thirty-two points of the compass, the sixteen intermediate, or the eight principal points
  3. 1 2 E. Chambers Cyclopaedia: or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Science, 5th Ed, 1743, pp. 206–7, "Points of the Compass, or Horizon, &c, in Geography and Navigation, are the points of division when the whole circle, quite around, is divided into 32 equal parts. These points are therefore at the distance of the 32d part of the circult, or 11°15′, from each other; hence 5°37 1/2′ is the distance of the half points and 2°48 3/4′ is the distance of the quarter points.
  4. ↑ Compass rose at geography.about.com
  5. ↑ Washington Education
  6. ↑ George Payn Quackenbos A Natural Philosophy: Embracing the Most Recent Discoveries 1860 "Mentioning the mariner's compass: the points of the compass in their order is called boxing the compass. — The compass box is suspended within a larger box by means of two brass hoops, or gimbals as they are called, supported at opposite ..."
  7. ↑ "Wordreference.com's entry for 'quarto'".
  8. ↑ "Wordreference.com's entry for 'di'".
  9. ↑ "Wordreference.com's entry for 'verso'".
  10. ↑ Nathaniel Bowditch, American Practical Navigator: An Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, 1916, p. 16, "It is the custom in the United States Navy to box from north and south toward east and west, excepting that divisions adjacent to a cardinal or inter-cardinal point are always referred to that point;"
  11. ↑ Henry Raper, The Practice of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, 10th Ed., 1870, p. 65, "A half-point, which is the middle division between two points, is called after that one of its adjacent points which is either a cardinal point, or is nearest to a cardinal point [...] In naming the half and quarter points it is advisable in some cases to sacrific system to simplicity. Thus, for example, seamen commonly say NNE1/2E instead of NE by N1/2N; "

External links

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