Connacht Irish

The three dialects of the Irish language, with Connacht in the west.
An Irish-language sign in County Galway

Connacht Irish is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Connacht. Gaeltacht regions in Connacht are found in Counties Mayo (notably Tourmakeady, Achill Island and Erris) and Galway (notably in parts of Connemara and on the Aran Islands). The Mayo and Galway varieties differ from each other in a variety of ways, as Mayo is geographically between Galway and Donegal, making Mayo Irish have a number of features in common with Donegal that Galway does not have.

Lexicon

Some differences between Mayo and Galway are seen in the lexicon:

Mayo Galway Gloss
cluinim cloisim "I hear"
doiligh deacair "difficult"
úr nua "new"
nimhneach tinn "sore"

Some words used in Connacht Irish that aren't found in other dialects include:[1]

Variant spellings include:

Variants distinctive of, but not unique to Connacht include:

Phonology

The phonemic inventory of Connacht Irish (based on the accent of Tourmakeady in Mayo[2]) is as shown in the following chart (see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant /h/ is neither broad or slender.

Consonant
phonemes
Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Bilabial Labio-
dental
Labio-
velar
Dental Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal
Palatal Velar
Plosive

        t̪ˠ
 
d̪ˠ
 
 
 
     
c
 
ɟ
k
 
ɡ
 
   
Fricative/
Approximant
   
 
  w
 
   
 
   
ʃ
   
ç
 
j
x
 
c
 
h  
Nasal  
          n̪ˠ
n̪ʲ
 
       
ɲ
  ŋ
 
   
Tap                   ɾˠ
ɾʲ
               
Lateral
approximant
              l̪ˠ
l̪ʲ
 
               

The vowels of Connacht Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.

In addition, Connacht has the diphthongs /iə, uə, əi, əu/.

Some characteristics of Connacht that distinguish it from the other dialects are:

Morphology

Nouns

In some dialects of Connacht the plural endings -anna and -acha are always replaced by -annaí and -achaí. It is also common in many Gaelic-speaking areas of Connemara that the dative singular form of all 2nd declension nouns has been generally adopted as the nominative, giving these nouns the typical ending in palatalized consonants in the nominative singular. This is indicated in the spelling by the letter i before the final consonant.

Connemara form Standard form Gloss
-achaí, -annaí -acha, -anna Plural ending
bróig bróg "shoe"
ceird ceard "craft"
cluais cluas "ear"
cois cos "foot, leg"
láimh lámh "hand"

Verbs

Irish verbs are characterized by having a mixture of analytic/an fhoirm scartha forms (where information about person and number is provided by a pronoun) and synthetic/an fhoirm tháite forms (where this information is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. In Galway and Mayo, as in Ulster, the analytic forms are used in a variety of forms where the standard language has synthetic forms, e.g. molann muid "we praise" (standard molaimid) or mholfadh siad "they would praise" (standard mholfaidís). However, the synthetic forms, including those no longer included in the standard language, may be used in answering questions.

Díonaim (I make/I do) in standard Irish (Déanaim)

Íosaim (I eat) in standard Irish (Ithim)

Connacht Irish favours the interrogative pronoun cén and forms based on it such as cén t-am, "what time" instead of the standard cathain, or céard instead of the standard cad. Relative forms of the verb such as beas for beidh, "will be", or déananns/déanas, "do", for déanann are frequently used.

Music

Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Connacht Irish dialect include Seosamh Ó hÉanaí, Darach Ó Catháin, Seán Mac Donncha and Máire Áine Ní Dhonnchadha.

References

  1. Ihde, Thomas; Ní Neachtain, Máire; Blyn-LaDrew, Roslyn; Gillen, John (2008). Colloquial Irish. New York and London: Routledge.
  2. de Búrca, Seán (1958). The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-49-9.
  3. Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 38–42. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.

Bibliography

  • Ihde, Thomas (2008). Colloquial Irish: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415381307. 
  • Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1980). Learning Irish. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300064629. 

Published literature

- Bean Aonair agus scéalta eile. Clódhanna Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1984 (gearrscéalta) Maigh Cuilinn

- Ar na Tamhnacha. Clódhanna Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1987 (gearrscéalta) Maigh Cuilinn

- Gróga Cloch. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 1990 (úrscéal) Maigh Cuilinn

- An Pincín agus scéalta eile. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 1996 (gearrscéalta) Maigh Cuilinn

- As na Cúlacha. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 1998 (úrscéal) Maigh Cuilinn

- (Eag.)Maigh Cuilinn - a Táisc is a Tuairisc. Cló Chonamara, Indreabhán 1986 (béaloideas) Maigh Cuilinn

- Dialann Deoraí. Réamhrá le Niall Ó Dónaill. An Clóchomhar Teoranta, 1960/1966/1970. (dírbheathaisnéis) Conamara

- An Braon Broghach. An Gúm, Baile Átha Cliath 1991 (gearrscéalta) Conamara

- Barbed Wire. Arna cur in eagar ag Cathal Ó hÁinle. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002 (úrscéal) Conamara

- Caiscín. Altanna san Irish Times 1953/56. Arna gcur in eagar ag Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 1998 (iriseoireacht) Conamara

- Cois Caoláire. Sáirséal - Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 2004 (géarrscéalta) Conamara

- Cré na Cille. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1949/1965 (úrscéal) Conamara

- Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath 1975 (gearrscéalta) Conamara

- Tone Inné agus Inniu. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 1999 (stair, polaitíocht) Conamara

- An tSraith dhá Tógáil. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1970/1981 (gearrscéalta) Conamara

- An tSraith Tógtha. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1977 (gearrscéalta) Conamara

- An tSraith ar Lár. Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 1986 (gearrscéalta) Conamara

- Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta. Eag. Seán Ó Laighin. Clódhanna Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1990 (aistí, iriseoireacht, stair, polaitíocht, ábhar ilghnéitheach) Conamara

- An Ghaeilge Bheo - Destined to Pass. Eagarthóir: Seán Ó Laighin. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002. (taighde agus tuairimí) Conamara AIRE - Béarla atá i gcuid den leabhar. Partly written in English. Teilweise in englischer Sprache abgefasst. En del av boken är på engelska. Osittain englanninkielinen.

- Caithfear Éisteacht! Aistí Mháirtín Uí Chadhain in Comhar. Eagarthóir: Liam Prút. Comhar Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1999 (aistí) Conamara

- Seanfhocail as Acaill. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 1995 (béaloideas) Oileán Acla

- (Eag): Le Gradam is le Spraoi. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 1996 (béaloideas) Tuaisceart Mhaigh Eo

- Meilt Mhuilte Dé. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002 (úrscéal) Conamara - Clann na Feannóige. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2004 (gearrscéalta) Conamara

-Cor in Aghaidh an Chaim. Ceardshiopa Inis Oírr Teoranta, Inis Oírr 1983 (scéal) Oileáin Árann

- Seachrán Jeaic Sheáin Johnny. Cló Iar-Chonnachta, Indreabhán 2002 (úrscéal) Conamara

- Feamainn Bhealtaine. An Clóchomhar Tta, Baile Átha Cliath 1969 (dírbheathaisnéis) Oileáin Árann

- Lig Sinn i gCathú. Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 1983 (úrscéal) Oileáin Árann

- Sionnach ar mo Dhuán. Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 1988 (úrscéal) Oileáin Árann

- An tIomaire Rua. Cogadh na Saoirse i dTuaisceart Chonamara. Máirtín Ó Cadhain a chóirigh an t-eagrán nua seo. An Gúm, Baile Atha Cliath 2007. (stair)

- Scread Mhaidine. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 2003 (úrscéal)

- Lámh Láidir. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán 2005 (úrscéal)

- Deoir ón tSúil. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán, Conamara 1993 (úrscéal) Conamara

- Nach Iomaí Cor sa Saol. Cló IarChonnachta, Indreabhán, Conamara 2002 (úrscéal) Conamara

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