Copper vapor laser
Copper vapor laser (CVL) uses vapors of copper as the lasing medium in a 3-level laser. It produces green laser light at 510.6 nm and yellow laser light at 578.2 nm. The pulse width is typically from 5 to 60 ns, and peak power from 50 to 5000 kW. Its pulse repetition frequencies can be 2 to 100 kHz. The average power of CVLs can range from 25 W to more than 2 kW.[1]
It is one of the lasers that can be home built.[2]
Lasers using pure metal vapor produced from an elemental copper source are difficult to construct because of the extremely high temperature, about 1500 degrees C, necessary to create such vapor, severely limiting the materials for the vapor containment vessel and mirrors. Copper halides, specifically copper chloride, copper bromide and copper iodide, have been substituted since they form vapors at much lower temperatures, in the range 300-600 degrees C, but operation at such temperatures remains difficult. Copper compound vapors also increase the complexity of the pump signal applied to the device. Typically, two energizing pulses in quick succession are required, the first to dissociate vapor molecules, and the second to cause the dissociated ions to lase. Operating temperature can be further reduced by the use of copper nitrate or copper acetylacetonate, whose vapors give peak laser output power at 180 and 40 degrees C, respectively.
Using singly ionized species of Cu, researches have also demonstrated copper vapor lasers that are CW (continuous-wave), i.e., not pulsed, and lase at deep ultraviolet wavelengths.[3][4] These lasers can provide average UV powers of several mW and are potentially useful for analytical instruments and spectroscopy.
Copper vapor lasers are used in some machining and laser cutting applications. They can also be used in AVLIS isotope separation systems. In the AVLIS application the copper laser is used to excite tunable dye lasers. A review on copper-laser-pumped dye lasers is given by Webb in High Power Dye Lasers.[5]
Entertainment
Copper vapour lasers were first used outside of military use and for entertainment purposes by Pink Floyd on their 1994 tour, supporting their album, The Division Bell.
See also
References
- ↑ F. J. Duarte (Ed.), High Power Dye Lasers (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1991) Chapters 1 and 5.
- ↑ Goldwasser, Samuel M. (1994–2013). "Home-Built Copper Chloride (CuCl) and Copper Bromide (CuBr) Laser". Sam's Laser FAQ. Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ↑ McNeil, J. et al., “Ultraviolet laser action from Cu II in the 2500A region”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 207(1976).
- ↑ Jain, K. and Newton S., “Operating Characteristics of UV and IR Hollow-Cathode Silver, Gold and Copper Ion Lasers”, Appl. Phys. B 26, 434(1981).
- ↑ F. J. Duarte (Ed.), High Power Dye Lasers (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1991) Chapter 5.
