Cretan archers

Cretan archers were a well known class of warrior whose specialist skills were extensively utilized in both ancient and medieval warfare.[1] They were especially valued in armies, such as those of the Greek city states, Macedonia and ancient Rome, which could not draw upon substantial numbers of skilled archers from their native populations.

History

The use of bows and arrows by Cretan hunters is indicated as early as 2200 BC, in a Minoan seal. A mosaic discovered in Knossos and dated about 1700 BC portrays warriors armed with bows of both simple and double-covex designs.[2]

Though Cretan archers could be theoretically outranged by Rhodian slingers,[3] they were widely recognized as being amongst the best light missile troops in the ancient world, and as such found employment as mercenaries in many armies, including Alexander the Great's and those of many of the Diadochi. During the Retreat of the Ten thousand following the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 Xenophon's hoplites were able to hold off pursuing Persian troops, with the aid of the Cretan archers who formed part of the Greek mercenary army. On this occasion the Cretans, cut off from supplies, were able to gather and reuse the spent Persian arrows while seizing bowstrings from local peasantry.[4]

Following the conquest of Macedonia and of the independent Greek city-states, Cretan archers served as auxiliaries in the Roman army under the Republic and Empire. Mediterranean light archers in Roman service from the 3rd through the 5th centuries A.D. might wear leather caps or be bare-headed. The chain-mail of earlier periods was replaced by leather jerkins or long-sleeved tunics, in favor of increased mobility and economy. Secondary weapons for use at close quarters included light axes and small round shields slung from a belt and suitable for parrying.[5]

Crete remained part of the Byzantine Empire until seized by Venice in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade. During much of this period the island was a Theme (military province), providing both archers and sailors for the Byzantine forces.[6]

In 1452 Venice granted specific permission for Byzantium to resume recruitment of Cretans.[7] One of the last occasions on which Cretan archers are known to have played a significant role was as part of the garrison defending Constantinople against the Turkish army of Mehmet II in May 1453.[8]

In popular culture

Cretan Archers, along with Rhodian Slingers, are included in the video games Rome: Total War, Total War: Rome II & Total War: Arena, where they are available to be hired as mercenaries.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Bigwood, "Ctesias as Historian of the Persian Wars," 35.
  2. ↑ D'Amato, Raffaele. Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-78096-858-2.
  3. ↑ Echols, "The Ancient Slinger," 228.
  4. ↑ Wary, John. Warfare in the Classical World. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-86101-034-5.
  5. ↑ Phil Barker, page 41 "The Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome 150 BC to 600 AD"
  6. ↑ Wary, John. Byzantine Armies 886-1118. pp. 18 & 23. ISBN 0-85045-306-2.
  7. ↑ Heath, Ian. Byzantine Armies 1118-1461 AD. p. 23. ISBN 1-85532-347-8.
  8. ↑ D'Amato, Raffaele. The Eastern Romans 330-1461 AD. p. 42. ISBN 962-361-089-0.

References

Further reading

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