Digne-les-Bains

"Digne" redirects here. For other uses, see Digne (disambiguation).
For other uses of "Digne-les-Bains", see Digne-les-Bains (disambiguation).
Digne-les-Bains

A general view of Digne-les-Bains in 2014

Coat of arms
Digne-les-Bains

Coordinates: 44°05′36″N 6°14′11″E / 44.0933°N 6.2364°E / 44.0933; 6.2364Coordinates: 44°05′36″N 6°14′11″E / 44.0933°N 6.2364°E / 44.0933; 6.2364
Country France
Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Department Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Arrondissement Digne-les-Bains
Intercommunality Asse Bleone Verdon
Government
 • Mayor (2014–2020) Patricia Granet Brunello
Area1 117.07 km2 (45.20 sq mi)
Population (2008)2 17,268
 • Density 150/km2 (380/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code 04070 / 04000
Elevation 524–1,731 m (1,719–5,679 ft)
(avg. 608 m or 1,995 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Digne-les-Bains (French: [diɲ le bɛ̃]) or simply and historically Digne (Occitan: Dinha (dei Banhs) in classical norm or Digno in Mistralian norm) is a commune of France, capital of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, and situated in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

The name of the inhabitants is Dignois.

Geography

elementary Map showing the boundaries of the town, neighboring communities, vegetation zones and roads
Digne-les-Bains and neighboring municipalities

Site and location

Located on the edge of the Prealps of Digne and on both sides of the Bléone, which flows southwest through the middle of the commune and crosses the town; it forms part of the commune's northeastern and southwestern borders.

Digne-les-Bains is the capital of the Department of Alpes de Haute-Provence. Placed in the geographical centre of the Department, the commune is home to 17,400 inhabitants, making it one of the smaller prefectures of France by its population. The town centre is at 608 metres (1,995 ft) altitude.[1]

Digne is a sprawling commune in the plain formed around the Bléone Valley, given that the terrain that surrounds it is very rugged. The old town is built on a hill between the Bléone and the torrent of the hot springs, but the town has gradually extended in the three directions of the valleys, especially downstream. Its geographical location is quite remarkable, given that it lies at the edge of the Prealps, on a thrust fault that bears its name. A part of the town is completely enclosed in the Bléone Valley, while the town extends widely, on a gentler relief, downstream. With the annexation of neighbouring towns, especially downstream, the town extends over 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in length.

Neighbouring communes

The communes surrounding Digne-les-Bains are La Robine-sur-Galabre, Le Brusquet, Marcoux, Archail, Tartonne, Clumanc, Chaudon-Norante, Châteauredon, Le Chaffaut-Saint-Jurson, Aiglun, Champtercier and Thoard.

 Thoard Barles Marcoux
Archail
Draix
Champtercier
Barras		 Tartonne
   Digne-les-Bains  
Aiglun
Mallemoisson		 Châteauredon Clumanc

Geology and terrain

The commune, which is at the heart of the geology, has its specificities related to the ancient city built upstream of the cluse which the Bléone has pierced into the Nappe de Digne to dump in the tertiary basin of Valensole.[2]

The districts of the town cover the alluvium of the streams which converge upstream of the cluse. The most eastern suburbs joined a line of limestone hills with flint of the Carixian age, forming russet cliffs oriented to the south-west.[2]

The hot springs were captured, since ancient times, to the point where these carixian limestones are cut by the hack of the southernmost valley, descending from Entrages. Their healing powers are linked to their ascent along the gypsiferous Triassic levels of the sole thrust of the Nappe de Digne.[2]

The most visible mountain of the commune is Le Cousson at 1,516 metres (4,974 ft); the Bigué rises to 1,653 metres (5,423 ft).[3]

Many reliefs lie around Digne and are objectives for hikers.

Hydrography

In the Eaux-Chaudes Valley, there is one cold and eight hot springs used for hydrotherapy. Some are radioactive, and contain sulfides, chlorobromides, and arsenic.

The town is also crossed by the Bléone and the Mardaric rivers.

Channels of communication and transport

Road network

N85 Route nationale 85
Towards the Mediterranean Sea Towards Grenoble
Barrême Digne-les-Bains Mallemoisson

Railway network

The Train des Pignes

The town is served by Chemins de Fer de Provence via the Nice-Digne railway line, a narrow gauge line which operates daily. It is the Train des Pignes, which allows the railway to serve little inhabited places with many stations.

Public transport

Bus - Since 1992, Digne has the TUD (Urban Transport Digne), which manages the public transport. Initially with six buses, this service increased its vehicle fleet in 1998 with the acquisition of two buses powered by natural gas.

Currently, six bus routes are available to the people of Digne.[4]

Natural and technological risks

None of the 200 communes of the Department is in the zero seismic risk zone. Digne townships are located in zone 1b (low seismicity) of the 1991 deterministic classification, based on the historic earthquakes,[5] and in zone 4 (medium risk) according to the EC8 probabilistic classification 2011.[6] The town of Digne is also exposed to three other natural risks:[6]

The town of Digne is also exposed to a risk of technological origin, that of transport of dangerous goods, by rail, road and pipeline.[8] With regard to the railway, the Saint-Auban to Digne railway line is disused and has no traffic; the line from Nice to Digne is used by passenger transport. Route nationale 85 and the departmental road RD 900 (former Route nationale 100) can be used for the road transport of dangerous goods.[9] Finally, the pipeline to supply natural gas is an additional risk factor to Digne.[10]

The foreseeable natural risk prevention plan (PPR) of the town was approved in 2008 for the risks of flooding, movement of land and earthquakes[8] and the DICRIM has existed since 2009.[11]

The commune has been the subject of several orders of natural disaster: in 1984 for an earthquake, and many times for floods, landslides and mudslides, and landslides due to drought.[6] Also included is a flood disaster prior to the orders: The waters of the Mardaric and Eaux-Chaudes which flooded the town in 1928, and the Bléone in 1973 which partially destroyed the bridge.[12] This destruction was caused by the breakdown of a jam created in the bed of the Bès, causing a wave of flooding.[13] Similarly, several massive landslides have happened in the history of the commune, for example on 24 December 1916, which caused the collapse of part of Courbons, and 2002-2003 at Villard-des-Dourbes.[14] Earthquakes have a long history in Digne. Retaining those macro-seismic events felt higher than level V on the MSK scale (sleepers awake, falling objects), we obtain the following list (the specified intensities are those felt in the town, the intensity may be stronger at epicentre):[15]

Attached communes

Courbons (Corbo, cited in the 13th century but the church is cited as 1180)[23] was attached to Digne in 1862.[24] The Priory of Sainte-Eugénie, ancestor of the parish church, was part of the chapter of Digne.[23] Jews installed here were massacred in 1335. Its fortifications were destroyed by Lesdiguières during the Wars of Religion (1590). It had 80 feus in 1315, 90 in 1471 and 507 inhabitants in 1765.[24]

Les Dourbes (De Dorbas, cited in 1035)[1] was attached to Digne in 1974, as an associated commune. The village is located on a barrier and a Motte-and-bailey castle was built in the 11th century.[25] It had 48 feus in 1315, 12 in 1471 and 249 inhabitants in 1765, 296 inhabitants in 1851, 62 in 1982.[26]

Gaubert (Galbertum, cited in 1180)[23] was attached to Digne in 1862.[27] The parish church was part of the chapter of Digne, who collected the tithe.[23] The square, defended by the Catholic League and Sautaire, was taken by Lavalette in 1591. It had 63 feus in 1315, 41 in 1471 and 456 inhabitants in 1765.[27]

Les Sieyes, or just Sieyes, for short (Lascieias, cited in the 13th century)[28] was attached to Digne in 1862. There were 10 feus in 1315, 13 in 1471 and 307 inhabitants in 1765.[28] The two priories, Sainte-Madeleine and Saint-Véran, were part of the chapter of Digne which received the tithes.[23]

During the Revolution, these four municipalities each had a patriotic society, all created after the end of 1792.[29]

Toponymy

The toponym Dinia is known from the 1st century AD (Ptolemy, Pliny the elder). Various hypotheses have been advanced. According to Papon, the name is formed by the hydronym Din (Gaulish water), with the suffix -ia. According to other scholars, the name is derived from a Roman proper noun, Din(n)ius.[30][31]

The current name of Digne-les-Bains was formalized on 25 June 1988,[32] following the Decree of 21 June 1988 published on 24 June of the same year in the Official Journal. Previously, the municipality was called Digne, still a frequent appellation in the current language.

The Vivaro-Alpine Occitan [ˈdiɲɔ], is written as Dinha in the classical norm. The Provençal [ˈdiɲɔ], is written as Digno in the Mistralian norm.

History

Prehistory and antiquity

Digne-les-Bains dates back to the Neolithic era. The presence of three rivers, the Bléone, the Mardaric, and the Eaux-Chaudes, made the place ideal for human settlement. Before the Roman conquest, it was the capital of the Bodiontici (or Brodiontii), whose name is found on the Tropaeum Alpium at La Turbie. The town then became a Roman town named Dinia in the 1st century, and became a frequent commercial stop during the Roman era. Following the Romans, it was known as Digna by 780,[1] and was appreciated for its thermal waters.

There are a few rural settlements near to the town, such as the Hôtelleries de Gaubert, southeast of the town, where the excavated building was occupied from the beginning of the 1st century to the end of the 4th century.[33] In this area, at the foot of Le Cousson, the soil has been cultivated continuously, from antiquity right up to the recent reforestation.[34]

Middle Ages

Two separate districts were formed: The town and the city. The town, an ancient site, was surrounded with the castrum of the episcopal chateau built on the Rock. The two neighbourhoods functioned as two independent entities from each other and from their inception. The town remained under the supervision of the provost of the chapter while the city or castrum was of the bishop.[35] The arrival of the Angevins at the head of the County of Provence in 1246 accelerated the recovery process of the comital rights usurped during the previous period by lay or ecclesiastical lords.[36]

The return of the comtal power in the city led to a change in the relationship between local authorities and community: In 1260, the city of Digne was given the right to appoint cominaux responsible for ensuring the management of the city.[37] The consolidation of the two sites was done administratively in 1385 by institutional trustees, replacing the cominaux, responsible for representing both the city and the village. The institution evolved with administrative rationalisation at the beginning of the 15th century.[37]

From 1475, preaching by Franciscans caused several murderous anti-Jewish riots.[38]

Early Modern era

Like the rest of the France, Digne was taken in the Wars of Religion. In 1562, the Huguenots penetrated into the cathedral, shred the tables and broke statues, removed relics and ornaments and burnt them with the choir on the forecourt.[39] The town was attacked by Protestants in 1574.[40] In 1575, it was the Church of Saint-Jérôme which was sacked.[39] In the following years, the city remained under pressure. In 1579, the captain of Archal occupied the surrounding countryside.[41]

In 1589, with the advent of Henry IV, the ultra-Catholics in the Catholic League took power in the town, until 1591. The same year, the town fell before the Royal armies of Lesdiguières. The cathedral, fortified by the defenders, was attacked, bombarded with catapults and then stormed.[42] It is also during this period that the inhabitants seized the château of the bishops, on Le Rochas, destroying it to prevent it from falling into the hands of one party or another.[42]

French Revolution and the First Empire

The news of the storming of the Bastille was welcomed, this event announced the end of royal arbitrariness and, perhaps, more profound changes in the organization of the France. Immediately after the arrival of the new, a great phenomenon of collective fear seized France, the fear of an aristocratic conspiracy wishing to recover their privileges. Rumors of troops in arms, devastating everything in their path, propagated at high speed, causing shots of weapons, the organization of militias and anti-aristocratic violence. This great fear, arrived in Seyne on 31 July and belonging to the current "fear of the Mâconnais", reached Digne and its region on 31 July 1789 the day before spreading to Riez, where it arrived during the day, and Moustiers and Castellane.[43]

The city was established as the capital of the Basses-Alpes district from March 1790, to the creation of the departments. The patriotic society of Digne was founded in September 1790 (the second Department by seniority); it was affiliated with the Jacobins in June 1791, and became a relay of the club in the Department, accepting the affiliations of many clubs in the Basses-Alpes.[29] It also received the request of affiliation of Carpentras.[44] First called Bourgeois Alcove, it then took the name of Patriotic Club, then on October 9, 1792, Société des amis de la Constitution, de la Liberté, de l’Égalité [Society of friends of the Constitution, of freedom, of equality]. It established a committee of correspondence responsible for relations with other popular societies affiliated on 14 November 1792.[45] On 10 and 11 January 1793, General Peyron performed a descent from Marseilles, supported by the Marseille club-goers with weapons. He took revenge because he was unable to obtain the post of attorney general trustee,[46] two departmental administrators were removed[47] and a fine of 13,000 livres paid to the Marseille club.

In 1792-1793, the section of Digne was controlled by the federalists. In connection with the section of Marseille, it disseminated the ideas of the Girondists, until their proscription on 31 May 1793 and the crushing of the federalist insurrection in July, which resulted in a sentence to death in Digne.[48]

On 5 frimaire year III, the Représentant en mission Gauthier purified the society.[49]

Digne welcomed the prefecture under the Consulate. The very popular prefect Lameth (1802-1805), created a shaded promenade between Pré de Foire and the banks of the Bléone and planted plane trees on the boulevard Gassendi.[50]

In early March, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte passed through Digne-les-Bains on his way from imprisonment on the island of Elba, gathering support as he moved north. This was early in his Hundred Days which ended with his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Contemporary era

In 1851, the announcement of the coup d'état of 2 December caused uplift in rural areas, and peasants installed a provisional government in Digne.[1]

As many municipalities of the Department Digne acquired schools well before the Jules Ferry laws.[51] However, no instruction was given to girls in 1861, only the Falloux Laws (1851) required the opening of a girls school in the communes with more than 800 inhabitants[52] (and that Courbons and Gaubert, small neighbouring rural communes, have a girls school). It was only in the 1860s that the town of Digne chose to open a school for girls (plus the Gaubert and Courbons schools for girls).[53] It was with the Ferry laws that all girls of Digne and the attached villages were regularly educated.

In 1862, Digne absorbed the neighbouring areas of Courbons, Gaubert and Les Sieyes.[32] These connected communes also had their schools, each a school for boys,[51] with Courbons and Gaubert furthermore possessing a school for girls.[52] The commune of Dourbes had two schools for boys (at Dourbes and at Villard),[51] and none for girls.[52]

210 people of Digne died for France during World War I. The hospital took care of the soldiers injured in the fighting, including nearly seventy who died of their injuries, and are buried in the military cemetery of the village square. This square also includes the bodies of two soldiers who died during the Second World War.

WWII

The first resistance fighters were a group organized around Simone Pellissier who distributed the journal Combat, from 1941.[54] On 1 May 1942, she laid a wreath at the war memorial, during a demonstration; she was arrested the next day[54] with six other protesters.[55]

Digne was occupied by Italy, then by the German army, following the invasion of the free zone, after the landing of the Allies in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Thirty-four Jews were arrested in Digne before being deported.[56]

With the dissolution of the Armée de Vichy, Commandant Chaumont of the 20th bataillon de chasseurs alpins began to structure the local Organisation de résistance de l'armée (ORA).[54]

Liberation

On 16 August 1944, the city was bombed by P-47 Thunderbolts, which took off from field close to Bastia in Corsica. Their goal was the great bridge of Digne, crossing the Bléone, but only a single bomb reached the bridge, impeding the passage of vehicles for only a few hours. Several buildings were damaged.[57] The bombing killed twenty-four civilians and two Germans[57] (25 in total according to Jean Garcin).[58] The city was liberated on 19 August 1944[58] by Taskforce Butler, a motorized detachment of armoured elements, infantry and artillery from the 36th U.S. "Texas" infantry division and the 45th U.S. infantry division, assisted by the forces of the Resistance.

The release of Digne was part of a movement of circumvention of the Rhône Valley, across the Alps, by the Route Napoléon, entrusted to Taskforce Butler and which aimed to cut the retreat of the German army stationed in Provence. In Aspres-sur-Buëch, the column moved westward, in the direction of the Rhône and Crest (Battle of Montelimar). The fighting was in the day, with six killed and eleven wounded on the Allied side and at least 21 killed on the German side.[59] German soldiers who fell during the fighting for the liberation of Digne were buried in the German military square of the cemetery of the village, with the other soldiers killed during the occupation, during various battles against the forces of Resistance. In March 1958, their bodies were exhumed and transferred to the German military cemetery of Dagneux in Ain.

Immediately after the Liberation, the cleanup began. Executions after trials (with a judge, but without lawyers) took place.[60]

The German prisoner of war camp had up to 2,700 prisoners.[61] One of them participated in the rescue expedition after the double air disaster of the Montagne du Cheval Blanc in 1948.[62]

The end of the war

From the beginning of 1945, new convoys of troops moved through the town, in the direction of the pockets of German resistance around the Ubaye.

From 1945 to the early 21st century

In 1974, the neighboring village of Dourbes was attached to Digne.[32] The municipality changed its name to Digne-les-Bains in 1988.[32] Nowadays, the town of Digne-les-Bains continues to expand, mainly along the banks of the Bléone. It forms, with Entrages, Marcoux, La Robine-sur-Galabre, and Mezel, the Communauté de communes des Trois-Vallées (CC3V). The areas of Le Pigeonnier and Barbejas have been classified as Sensitive urban zones.

On March 24, 2015, Germanwings Flight 9525, carrying 150 people (including six crewmembers), had a rapid descent from cruising altitude approximately 45 minutes after takeoff. It crashed a few miles from the city, en route to Düsseldorf from Barcelona.[63]

Politics and administration

List of mayors

Town hall, the former Desmichel barracks
List of mayors since the Liberation
Start End Name Party Other details
1944 1946 Joseph Fontaine Resistance Former president of the Comité départemental de libération,
President of the Special Delegation,[64]
arises and is elected under the resistant label in May 1945[65]
1946 1947 Paul Jouve SFIO
1947 1971 Julien Romieu Radical Party Medical doctor
1971 1977 René Villeneuve
March 1977 June 1995 Pierre Rinaldi RPR Député, Chairman of the General Council
June 1995 March 2001 Jean-Louis Bianco PS Former minister, former député, former president of the council, former regional councilor
March 2001 2014 Serge Gloaguen PS then DVG (PS/DVG)[66] Former regional councilor (2004-2010)
President of the Communauté de communes Asse Bléone Verdon of 2013 and 2014
March 2014 (In progress) 21 October 2014 Patricia Granet[67][68] DVG (PS/DVG) Departemental councillor (2015-)
President of the Communauté de communes Asse Bléone Verdon (2014-)

Constituencies

Prefecture

Digne-les-Bains is divided into two cantons:[69]

Departemental councillor Party Canton Cantonal code Population (2012)
Genevieve Primiterra PS Digne-les-Bains-1 04 04 11,965 (10,189 Dignois)
Roland Aubert
Patricia Granet DVG Digne-les-Bains-2 04 05 12,398 (6,655 Dignois)
Serge Carel

Intercommunity

Digne is part of the following communities:

Environmental Policy

Digne-les-Bains is ranked three flowers in the Contest of Flowery Towns and Villages. The city was rewarded with the three flowers in 2007's Contest of Flowery Towns and Villages.[70]

International relations

Digne is twinned with:

Population and society

Demography

Main articles: [[:History of the census of the population in France]] and Demographics of France

In 2012, the municipality had 16,844 inhabitants.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1471200—    
17162,890+1345.0%
17653,204+10.9%
17933,180−0.7%
18063,362+5.7%
18213,621+7.7%
18313,932+8.6%
18366,365+61.9%
18414,572−28.2%
YearPop.±%
18464,942+8.1%
18514,781−3.3%
18565,421+13.4%
18616,485+19.6%
18667,002+8.0%
18726,877−1.8%
18767,222+5.0%
18816,771−6.2%
18867,083+4.6%
YearPop.±%
18917,261+2.5%
18967,276+0.2%
19017,238−0.5%
19067,456+3.0%
19117,317−1.9%
19216,302−13.9%
19266,737+6.9%
19317,051+4.7%
19367,623+8.1%
YearPop.±%
19469,342+22.6%
195410,436+11.7%
196212,460+19.4%
196814,661+17.7%
197515,416+5.1%
198215,149−1.7%
199016,087+6.2%
199916,064−0.1%
200817,268+7.5%
Population without double counting from 1962 to 1999; municipal population from 2006
Source: Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer[26] and Robert Niel (18th century)[72] for the Ancien Régime, EHESS,[32] INSEE from 1968[73][74][75]

In 2006, the commune launched a housing construction project aiming to increase the population beyond 20,000 inhabitants (the lower threshold for obtaining certain public aid).

Area and population

The town of Digne-les-Bains has an area of 117.07 square kilometres (45.20 sq mi) and a population of 17,268 inhabitants, ranked as follows:[76]

Rank Population Area Density
France 553rd 147th 5,414th
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 43rd 19th 220th
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 2nd 8th 6th
Arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains 1st 3rd 2nd

Education

Seat of the prefecture, and the inspection académique of Provence, the city of Digne also has the main educational establishments of the Department:

Sports

Digne was elected as the Sportiest town in France among towns with less than 20,000 inhabitants in 2006, by the daily newspaper L'Équipe.

The town has several sports facilities, with free access or reserved for the many sporting clubs and schools. These include gyms, a stadium, an equestrian centre, a golf course, and a public swimming pool. It is one of the rare French towns to provide free access to tennis courts.

At the request of the Junior Town Council, a skatepark has been renovated which is open access.

Health

The town's hospitals have 480 beds.[3]

Garrison city

The following units have held garrison in Digne:

Currently, several gendarmerie units are based in Digne. In addition to the capital of community brigade,[82] there is a motorised brigade, a platoon of monitoring and intervention (PSIG) and a squadron of Mobile Gendarmerie.[83]

Religion

For Catholic worship, the city is the seat of the departmental bishopric, and therefore the Diocese of Digne, Riez and Sisteron. The bishop is Monsignor Jean-Philippe Nault. He was appointed in 2014 and is the youngest Bishop of France (born in 1965). The Catholic faithful have two places of worship for mass: Notre-Dame-du-Bourg and Saint-Jérôme. The members of the Muslim faith also have their place of worship,[84] as well as Protestants[85] and Evangelicals.[86]

Economy

Revenues of the population and taxation

The taxation of households and businesses to Digne les Bains in 2010[87]
Tax CommunalIntercomunalDepartmentalRegional
Housing Tax (TH) 21.60% 0.00% 5.53% 0.00%
Land tax on the built-up properties (TFPB) 44.68% 0.00% 14.49% 2.36%
Land tax on the non built-up properties (TFPNB) 81.75% 0.00% 47.16% 8.85%
Business tax (TP) 0.00%* 37.01% 0.00% 0.00%

Employment

In 2009, the active population amounted to 7,377 persons, including 911 unemployed[88] (968 end 2011).[89] These workers are mostly employed (88%)[90] and are employed in the town (83%).[90]

Agriculture

At the end of 2010, the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fishing) had 56 active institutions within the meaning of INSEE (including non-professional operators) and 165 salaried jobs.[91]

The number of professional farms, according to the Agreste survey of the Ministry of Agriculture, is 37 in 2010. It was 44 in 2000,[92] and 106 in 1988.[93] Currently, these operators are essentially turned to breeding sheep and cattle.[92] From 1988 to 2000, the useful agricultural land (SAU) strongly increased, from 1,002 hectares (2,480 acres) to 2,902 hectares (7,170 acres).[93] The SAU has increased slightly during the last decade, to 2,989 hectares (7,390 acres).[92]

The agricultural activity of the surrounding communes allows the existence of Alp'Agri, an agricultural dealer with 30 employees.[94]

The vine was cultivated for wine into the 1950s, which led to local consumption in Digne. This cultivation has declined, to occupy no more than a few hectares in 2005.[95]

The olive groves of the municipality can claim the Huile d'olive de Provence AOC [Olive Oil of Provence AOC] appellation.

Companies and shops

Industry

At the end of 2010, the secondary sector (industry and construction) had 176 institutions, using 377 employees, with no establishment exceeding 50 employees.[91]

Shops

Two Provençal markets are held each week, the markets are held on Wednesday[96] and Saturday.[97]

Service sector

At the end of 2010, the tertiary sector (commerce, services) had 1,176 schools (with 3,072 salaried jobs), in addition to 459 institutions in the administrative sector (together with the health and social sector and education), employing 5,713 people.[91]

Digne-les-Bains is the seat of the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie des Chamber of commerce and industry of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It manages the Sisteron-Thèze aerodrome and the J. Gage centre.

Chemins de Fer de Provence employs about 50 people in Digne.[3]

SAMSE, a dealer in building materials, employs 73 people.[98] Still in the area of trade, supermarkets are also important employers. Carrefour employs 250 people and Intermarché has 55 employees.[3]

Orange employs approximately 300 employees.[3] Among computer service companies, Xsalto, offering web hosting, development, and installation, employs 22 staff.[99]

The banking sector provides also some employers. The Groupe Caisse d'Épargne has 50 employees, and the Bank of France has 30 employees.[3] Finally, the Renault dealership is another large private employer, with 28 employees.[100]

Tourism

Economic overview

According to the departmental observatory of tourism, the tourist function is secondary for the municipality, with less than one tourist greeted per capita.[101] However, it offers substantial accommodation capacity, mainly merchant.[102] Several accommodation facilities for tourism exist in the commune:

Finally, second homes provide a valuable complement to the capacity.[119] 621 in number, these represent 6.1% of homes. 465 second homes have more than one dwelling.[109][114]

Thermal baths

The spa treats respiratory diseases and rheumatism. They use a hot spring at 50 °C and 110,000 overnight stays are made through this activity. The station is given financial autonomy to hire 76 employees in the high season (September–October).[3] The establishment has a Zen Space and Fitness offering massages of the face and the body, and swimming in thermal water at 33 °C.[120]

Local culture and heritage

Places and monuments

Detail of the Dalle à ammonites

The Dalle à ammonites, a classified site, is a rocky layer dating back 200 million years, where one can find more than 1,500 fossils of ammonites containing some which reach a diameter of 70 centimetres (28 in).

Religious architecture

The commune maintains a southern aspect and has remarkable heritage items including two cathedrals, an archaeological crypt under the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-du-Bourg [Our Lady of the City], the chapels (Saint Pancrace, Our Lady of Lourdes, etc.)

The Cathedral Notre-Dame-du-Bourg, an historical monument,[121] is a Romanesque cathedral whose foundations date back to the 9th century. Victim of numerous attacks and looting, it was renovated at the beginning of the 13th century. Parts from the 11th and 12th centuries still exist. Its white marble altar is of the Merovingian era.

An archaeological crypt in the basement of the cathedral aids in the discovery of the history of Digne-les-Bains. In the crypt is the exact location of the origins of the city, attested by the presence of ancient walls from the 1st century AD. This corresponds to an urban space and implementation of three buildings of Christianity from the 5th century to the 11th century.[122]

The Saint-Jérôme Cathedral, also an historical monument,[123] is a Gothic cathedral from the 15th and 16th centuries. The facade is from the 19th century.

Media related to Notre-Dame-du-Bourg at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Saint-Jérôme at Wikimedia Commons

The Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes Church was built in 1870 on the Mountain of the Cross, north of Digne, though at the bottom of the slope. The brick walls are its main feature, with its large size.[124]

The chapel of Saint-Vincent belonged to an abbey or priory. It is still in good condition.[124] The Chapel of the Cross, located nearby, is gradually becoming a ruin.[124]

There are numerous churches in the connected communes.

In Courbons, the parish church is Notre-Dame-des-Anges (13th-14th century).[24] It was dedicated to St. Clair in the 17th century.[23] Its single nave consists of three arched barrel bays, and emerges into a square choir.[125] There is also a chapel of Saint-Pierre, south of the village, an establishment which may be very old.[23]

The Church of Dourbes is under the name of Saint-Genest, and the oldest parts are from the 12th and 13th centuries.[23][26] In Villard, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Chapel probably dates from the 17th century.[23]

In Gaubert, the parish church of Saint-Étienne was built in Romanesque style at the end of the 16th and 17th century.[27] Grand-Saint-Martin farm incorporates some remains of a medieval priory.[23] The chapel of St. Sebastian is situated on the ridge east of the village.[23]

In Sieyès, the Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine[23][28] remains along with the Church of Saint-Véran, between the stadium and the cemetery.[23] A more recent chapel was built next to the town hall and school.

There are also two chapels on the mountain which overlooks the ravine of Eaux-Chaudes to the north, Saint-Pons which is in ruins, and the Chapel of Saint-Pancrace. The latter dates from the 17th century and is being restored. It has the distinction of having its bells suspended in a flat metal campanile. The pilgrimage of 12 May, when the priest blessed the sources, remained into the 1950s, and has recently resumed.[126]

Civil and military architecture

Culture

Museum of the Haute-Provence Geological Reserve in Digne

Cultural references

Traditional celebrations

Digne celebrates lavender, a symbol of the region, in the first weekend of August, at the Corso of lavender. A funfair is installed for the occasion, and a fireworks display is organized. A parade of floats is held, including a procession consisting of a dozen floats in lavender and crepon, led by 500 musicians and dancers from various nations. The Corso draws 10-15,000 people to the town each day.

Arts festivals

In May, every year since 2002, the city has organized a festival of urban culture and music. Initiated by the Ligue de l’Enseignement des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence [League of education of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence] and the L'ADSEA. The festival is now organized by the École du sous Sol [School of the Underground] association.

The objective of this festival is to make urban culture (graffiti, slam, street basketball, hip-hop dance, skateboarding) known to a wider public along with contemporary music (rap, rock, pop, electro) through various artistic and cultural events under the program. A sports tournament closes the event. The Hip Hop dance battle and the basketball tournament are open to girls (two girls and two boys by team for the 4 vs 4 battle and at least one girl by team for the 3 vs 3 basketball tournament). An open stage is offered to amateur and semi-professional teams.

Every spring, each year, the René-Char cultural centre receives cinema personalities and projects art and test films at the Festival les Rencontres cinématographiques de Digne. Its president is Jean-Pierre Castagna.

Sports competitions

Each year since 2004, the Raid des Terres Noires [Raid of the Black Lands] mountain biking event brings together more than a thousand participants.

From 2013, the VTT Rando 04 club organizes the Enduro of the Black Lands, Enduro event.

Created in 1999 by The Athletic Club of Digne, the Half-marathon of the Ammonites connects the village of Barles with the prefecture at the beginning of September, each year until 2002. Its rolling course, measured at 21.1 kilometres (13.1 mi) according to the protocols of the French Athletics Federation, goes through the most spectacular sites of the Haute-Provence Geological Reserve, some of which are world-renowned. Examples of these include the clues of Barles and Péouré, the Vélodrome d’Esclangon [Velodrome of Escanglon], Voile de Facibelle [Veil of Facibelle], the Demoiselles coiffées, the Ichthyosaur, and the Dalle à ammonites.

Its quality organization has been awarded two borders by the guide Le Bipède [The Biped], and placed among the 100 most beautiful French foot races. It welcomed more than 1,550 runners in 4 editions. This sporting event has had a 5th edition in 2013 on the 100th anniversary of the Barles road and in favour of the National League Against Cancer, in memory of Cyril Gues, the first winner of this competition, who died in 2012.

Initiated in 2005 by the Athletic Club of Digne (one edition), the Trail of Cousson was resumed in 2008 by the Athletics Association. The race walking event offers numerous courses in the heart of the Haute-Provence geological Reserve through robines (the famous "muck"), pre-Alpine forests, villages and ascents of the bar of the Dourbes and Cousson. Free racing and animations for children as well as heritage walks are also organized parallel to sports competitions. The event also fits into an exemplary sustainable development policy which gives it national recognition.

Heraldry

 The arms of Digne-les-Bains are: "Azure to a fleur-de-lis of Or accompanied at head by a cross of gules, at flanks with two "L" letters capitalised faced Argent and in point of a letter "D" capitalised also of Or"[133]

These arms are not attested before the 17th century and the above composition is only one variant among many others existing. The "L" can be gold and can be replaced by silver lions. There are also versions without the golden "L" or lion: "azure to a fleur de lis of gold, accompanied at head by a cross of silver with a letter "D" of the same at the point". The latest version is "azure to a cross of gold at head and a "D" of the same at head". The cross is an evocation of the episcopal see, and the "L", perhaps, is a souvenir of a concession of Louis II of Anjou, from the beginning of the 15th century.[134]

Gabriel Gillybœuf proposed in the early 1980s to replace the capitalised "D" with a fountain expressed in heraldic terms by "a bezant fess, wavy silver and azure" (while maintaining the cross, fleur-de-lis, and capitalised "L" respectively).[134]

The city was jointly owned by the Counts of Provence and the Bishops of Digne. Hence the arms: The cross symbolises the bishopric, the fleur-de-lis as Charles of Anjou, Count of Provence. The letter "D" is the letter of the city. The letters "L" have been added under Louis XIV, King of France, Count of Provence and Forcalquier.[133]

Personalities linked to the commune

Statue of Pierre Gassendi in the square of the Cathedral of St. Jerome of Digne
Plaque in honor of Bishop Bienvenu de Miollis

Religious

Nobles, political and military

Scientific

Artists

Sport and others

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 de La Torre, Michel (1989). Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: le guide complet des 200 communes [Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: The complete guide to 200 communes] (in French). Paris: Deslogis-Lacoste. ISBN 2-7399-5004-7.
  2. 1 2 3 "Digne-les-Bains" [Digne-les-Bains] (in French). Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Cantons de Digne-les-Bains". Le Trésor des régions. See section "Cantons de Digne-les-Bains". Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  4. ↑ "Se déplacer en ville : le TUD" [Getting around the city: the TUD] (in French). Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "La sécurité civile" [Civil security] (in French). DDRM. p. 39. Dossier départemental sur les risques majeurs dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 "Notice communale" [Communal notice]. Gaspar (in French). Ministère de l’Écologie, du développement durable, des transports et du logement. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  7. ↑ Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 37.
  8. 1 2 Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 96.
  9. ↑ Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 80.
  10. ↑ Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 81.
  11. ↑ "Informations commune" [Commune information] (in French). DICRIM. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 24.
  13. ↑ Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 25.
  14. ↑ Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, p. 32.
  15. ↑ "Votre sélection : commune DIGNE-LES-BAINS (04070)" [Your selection: Commune DIGNE-LES-BAINS (04070)]. Sisfrance (in French). BGRM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  16. ↑ "fiche 40210" [File 40210]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  17. ↑ "fiche 40047" [File 40047]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  18. ↑ "fiche 40049" [File 40049]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "fiche 1130045" [File 1130045]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "fiche 50033" [File 50033]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "fiche 40072" [File 40072]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  22. ↑ "fiche 40176" [File 40176]. Sisfrance (in French). BRGM. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Digne" [Digne]. archaeoprovence (in French). Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer (1969), p. 172
  25. ↑ Parc naturel du Luberon, Autour de l’An Mil en pays de Forcalquier, catalogue d’exposition, 2007, p. 31.
  26. 1 2 3 Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer (1969), p. 173
  27. 1 2 3 Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer (1969), p. 176
  28. 1 2 3 Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer (1969), p. 200
  29. 1 2 Alphand (1989), pp. 296–298
  30. ↑ Charles Rostaing, Essai sur la toponymie de la Provence (depuis les origines jusqu’aux invasions barbares), Laffite Reprints, Marseille, 1973 (1re édition 1950), p. 165–166.
  31. ↑ Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France : étymologie de 35 000 noms de lieux, vol. 1 : Formations préceltiques, celtiques, romanes. Genève: Librairie Droz. p. 623. ISBN 978-2-600-02884-4. Publications romanes et françaises.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "notice communale de Digne-les-Bains" [Communal notice of Digne-les-Bains]. Cassini (in French). EHESS. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  33. ↑ Zérubia (2012), p. 101
  34. ↑ Zérubia (2012), p. 99
  35. ↑ F. GUICHARD, Essai sur le cominalat dans la ville de Digne, 2 vol., Digne, 1846 Google books
  36. ↑ Aurell, Martin; Coulet, N.; Boyer, Jean-Pierre (2005). La Provence au Moyen Age [Provence in the Middle Ages] (in French). Aix-en-Provence.
  37. 1 2 Varitille, F. (2013). Digne à la fin du Moyen-Age : Politique et société [Digne at the end of the Middle Ages: Politics and Society] (in French). Paris. Mémoire soutenu à Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, dir. O. Mattéoni.
  38. ↑ Baratier (1961), p. 72
  39. 1 2 Yvette Isnard, « Les dynasties seigneuriales d’Oraison », Chroniques de Haute-Provence, 2012, no 368, p. 36.
  40. ↑ Cru, Jacques (2001). Histoire des Gorges du Verdon jusqu’à la Révolution [History of the Verdon Gorges to the Revolution] (in French). coedition Édisud and Parc naturel régional du Verdon. p. 200. ISBN 2-7449-0139-3.
  41. ↑ Gustave Lambert, Histoire des guerres de religion en Provence : 1530-1598 (tome 2), Nyons, Chantemerle, 1970 (édition originale : 1869), p. 352.
  42. 1 2 Yvette Isnard,"Les dynasties seigneuriales d’Oraison", p. 37.
  43. ↑ Michel Vovelle, « Les troubles de Provence en 1789 », carte 154 et commentaire, in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer (1969)
  44. ↑ Alphand (1989), p. 304
  45. ↑ Alphand (1989), p. 311
  46. ↑ Alphand (1989), p. 303
  47. ↑ Alphand (1989), p. 17
  48. ↑ Michel Vovelle, « Diffusion et répression du mouvement fédéraliste en 1793 », carte 157 et commentaire, in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer (1969)
  49. ↑ Alphand (1989), p. 333
  50. ↑ "Deux siècles d'activités préfectorales" [Two centuries of prefectural activities] (in French). Archived from the original on 28 April 2007.
  51. 1 2 3 Labadie (2013), p. 9
  52. 1 2 3 Labadie (2013), p. 16
  53. ↑ Labadie (2013), p. 18
  54. 1 2 3 "Débuts de la Résistance dans les Basses Alpes" [Beginning of the Resistance in the Alps Basses]. Association Basses-Alpes 39-45 (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  55. ↑ Garcin (2004), p. 2
  56. ↑ "Département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence en 1939-1945" [Department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in 1939-1945]. ajpn.org (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  57. 1 2 Reymond (1993), p. 24
  58. 1 2 Garcin (2004), p. 5
  59. ↑ Reymond (1993), p. 138
  60. ↑ Henri Julien (directeur de publication), Guide du débarquement de Provence, 15 août 1944, Digne-les-Bains, Éditions de Haute-Provence, 1994, (ISBN 2-909800-68-7), p. 127.
  61. ↑ "Les dépôts de P.G. de l'Axe en mains françaises" [French prisoner of war camps of the Axis] (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  62. ↑ Besson, André (2005). "27 et 30 janvier 1948 : la double catastrophe aérienne du massif du Cheval Blanc des appareils C-47 Dakota et B-17 Flying Fortress du 61st Troop Carrier Group, 14th Squadron de l'USAF" [27 and 30 January 1948: The double Cheval Blanc massif air disaster of C-47 Dakotas and B-17 Flying Fortress of the 61st Troop Carrier Group, 14th Squadron of the USAF]. Chroniques de Haute-Provence (in French). 354: 122–125.
  63. ↑ Mark Deen. "Germanwings Airbus A320 Crashes in Digne Region in France - Bloomberg Business". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  64. ↑ Jean Garcin, De l'Armistice à la Libération dans les Alpes de Haute-Provence 17 juin 1940 - 20 août 1944. Chronique : essai sur l'histoire de la Résistance avec un prologue 1935-1940 et un épilogue 1944-1945, Digne : Imprimerie B. Vial, 1990. p.229.
  65. ↑ "La Libération" [The Liberation]. Basses-Alpes 39-45 (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  66. ↑ François de Bouchony, « Le parti socialiste a besoin de conforter son ancrage municipal », La Provence, 3 février 2014, p.3.
  67. ↑ La Provence
  68. ↑ "Liste des maires" [List of mayors] (PDF) (in French). Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  69. ↑ Résultats dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
  70. ↑ "LA VILLE DE DIGNE-LES-BAINS DANS LES ALPES DE HAUTE-PROVENCE" [The town of Digne-les-Bains in the Alpes de Haute-Provence] (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  71. ↑ ja:釜石市#姉妹都市・友好都市
  72. ↑ Robert Niel, Le Roman des brigands dans les Basses-Alpes de 1789 à 1802, Impr. B. Vial (Digne-les-Bains), 2007, 190 p., (ISBN 978-2-9530563-1-0).
  73. ↑ "Résultats du recensement de la population - Digne-les-Bains". INSEE.
  74. ↑ "Recensement de la population au 1er janvier 2006". INSEE.
  75. ↑ "Populations légales 2009 en vigueur le 1er janvier 2012". INSEE.
  76. ↑ "Ville de Digne-les-Bains" (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  77. ↑ "Liste des écoles de la circonscription de Digne" [List of schools of the district of Digne] (in French). Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
  78. ↑ "Collèges publics" [Public Colleges] (in French). Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
  79. ↑ "Lycées professionnels" [Vocational schools] (in French). Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  80. ↑ "Lycées publics" [Public High Schools] (in French). Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  81. ↑ "Enseignement supérieur" [Higher Education] (in French). Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  82. ↑ "Carte des Brigades de Gendarmerie" [Map of Gendarmerie Brigades] (PDF). Groupement de gendarmerie départementale des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, (in French). Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  83. ↑ "Présentation du groupement de gendarmerie départementale" [Presentation of the provincial gendarmerie group]. Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  84. ↑ "Mosquée de Digne-les-Bains" [Mosque of Digne-les-Bains] (in French). Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  85. ↑ "Chapelle de Digne" [Chapel of Digne] (in French). Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  86. ↑ "Assemblée de Dieu Eglise Evangélique" [Assembly of God Evangelical Church] (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  87. ↑ "Impots locaux à Digne les Bains" [Local taxes in Digne les Bains] (in French). taxes.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  88. ↑ INSEE (2012), p. 5
  89. ↑ INSEE (2012), p. 8
  90. 1 2 INSEE (2012), p. 7
  91. 1 2 3 INSEE (2012), p. 17
  92. 1 2 3 Ministère de l'Agriculture, « Orientation technico-économique de l’exploitation », Recensements agricoles 2010 et 2000. link
  93. 1 2 "Exploitations agricoles en 1988 et 2000". INSEE.
  94. ↑ "SA ALP'AGRI". Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  95. ↑ "Terroirs perdus, terroirs constants, terroirs conquis : vigne et olivier en Haute-Provence XIXe-XXIe siècles". 2007. pp. 56 and 59. Méditerranée, 109. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  96. ↑ "Marché du mercredi de Digne-les-Bains" [Wednesday market in Digne-les-Bains] (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  97. ↑ "Marche du samedi de Digne-les-Bains" [Saturday market in Digne-les-Bains] (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  98. ↑ "SAMSE". Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  99. ↑ "XSALTO". Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  100. ↑ "ESPACE AUTOMOBILES DIGNOIS". Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  101. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 6
  102. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 7
  103. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 11
  104. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 13
  105. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 16
  106. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 12
  107. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 17
  108. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 18
  109. 1 2 "Hébergements touristiques des communes, 2008, 2009 et 2012" [Tourist accommodation of Commons, 2008, 2009 and 2012] (in French). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  110. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 21
  111. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 22
  112. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 25
  113. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 27
  114. 1 2 Insee, Dossier local, p. 18.
  115. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 32
  116. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 36
  117. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 38
  118. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 30
  119. ↑ Anonymous (2007), p. 44
  120. ↑ "Thermes Digne-les-Bains". Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  121. ↑ "Monuments historiques". Merimee. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  122. ↑ "Crypte archéologique". Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  123. ↑ "Monuments historiques". Merimee. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  124. 1 2 3 Panarotto (2007), p. 147
  125. ↑ Jean-Christophe Labadie, Des Anges, Musée départemental d’art religieux, catalogue de l’exposition à la cathédrale Saint-Jérôme (5 juillet-30 septembre 2013), 2013, (ISBN 978-2-86004014-3), p. 29.
  126. ↑ Panarotto (2007), p. 146
  127. ↑ "Hôtel Thoron de la Robine". Merimee. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  128. ↑ "Fontaine monumentale". Merimee. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  129. ↑ "Official site". Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  130. ↑ Géraldine Bérard, Carte archéologique des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1997, p. 58.
  131. ↑ "LE CAIRN ( Centre d'Art Informel de Recherche sur la Nature)".
  132. ↑ Office de tourisme [Office of tourism]
  133. 1 2 "GASO - la banque du blason".
  134. 1 2 En quête d’identité : Armoiries et sceaux en Haute Provence, Archives départementales des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, 2009, p. 16
  135. ↑ Vincent J. O’Malley, Saints of Africa p. 58, 2001, (ISBN 0-87973-373-X).
  136. ↑
  137. ↑ Traité des eaux minérales de Digne, Ricavy (Médecin), Aix. Les frères Mouret,1789, 56 p.
  138. ↑ Observations sur différentes maladies faites par M. Ricavy,... pour servir de suite à son Traité sur les eaux minérales de Digne, Ricavy (Médecin), Guichard fils, 1790, 26p.
  139. ↑ Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, p. 153.

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