Finger-four

The "Finger-four" formation (also known as the "four finger formation"), is a flight formation used by fighter aircraft. It consists of four aircraft, and four of these formations can be combined into a squadron formation.

Description

The formation consists of a flight of four aircraft, composed of a "lead element" and a "second element", each of two aircraft. When viewing the formation from above, the positions of the planes resemble the tips of the four fingers of a human right hand (without the thumb), giving the formation its name.

The lead element is made up of the flight leader at the very front of the formation and one wingman to his rear left. The second element is made up of an additional two planes, the element leader and his wingman. The element leader is to the right and rear of the flight leader, followed by the element wingman to his right and rear.

Both the flight leader and element leader have offensive roles, in that they are the ones to open fire on enemy aircraft while the flight remains intact. Their wingmen have a defensive role — the flight wingman covers the rear of the second element and the element wingman covers the rear of the lead element.

Four of these flights can be assembled to form a squadron formation which consists of two staggered lines of fighters, one in front of the other. Each flight is usually designated by a color (i.e. Red, Blue, Yellow, and Green).

History

The formation was developed by several air forces independently in the 1930s. The Finnish Air Force adopted it during 1934-1935.[1] [2] Luftwaffe pilots developed the formation independently in 1938 during the Spanish Civil War, and were the first to use it in combat.

Finnish experiment

In the 1930s the Finnish Air Force, aware of its weakness in numbers compared to its neighbours, sought to offset the disadvantage with a radical re-think of its tactics.

The new tactical philosophy emphasized aggressiveness (a willingness to attack regardless of the odds) and shooting accuracy (at a time when aerobatic skill was prized by most air forces of the time). Hand-in-hand with these changes was the adoption of the pair and four formation, which made for economy and gave the flexibility the new tactics required. The aircraft in the new formations had greater vertical and horizontal separation, so they were free to scan in all directions for enemy aircraft rather than focusing on maintaining a close formation. This allowed the pilots to maintain greater situational awareness and reduce the chance of being spotted by the enemy due to the looser formation. The two pairs could split up at any time and attack on their own. Also, the pilot who spotted the enemy would become the leader of the pair or even the whole flight for the duration of the attack as he had the best situational awareness at that moment in time.

With no guarantee of success, the FAF adopted these changes, and was later to find the validity of this approach during the Winter War with the Soviet Union. The Finnish Air Force proved their effectiveness by achieving a 16:1 kill ratio with the finger-four during the 1939-1940 Winter War against the Soviet Air Force, which at the time used the conventional Vic formation.[2]

German experience in Spain

Involvement in the Spanish Civil War gave the fledgeling Luftwaffe an early experience of combat conditions; however their force there (the "Condor Legion") quickly found its main fighter aircraft, the He 51, was outclassed by the Soviet I-16 in service with the Republicans. The remedy, the new Bf 109B was effective, but in short supply; for some time only six were in the theatre, making the 3-plane Kette impractical. Flying in pairs (Rotte) or a two-pair Schwarm, and using a more open formation (made possible by radio communication between aircraft) was found to confer other benefits.

Most notable in its development and use in the Luftwaffe were Günther Lützow and Werner Mölders and their fellow airmen. In the German Luftwaffe the flight (German: Schwarm) was made up of two pairs (German: Rotte) of aircraft. Each Rotte was composed of a leader and a wingman. The Rottenführer (pair leader) would attack enemy aircraft, leaving his wingman to scan for threats and protect him while he engaged the enemy. In this the Germans eschewed the Finnish Air Force's more flexible approach.

The Luftwaffe continued the use of this formation during its assault on France, Britain and the Soviet Union, in which its effectiveness was shown to be considerably greater than the standard three-aircraft "Vic" close formation used by its opponents.[3] Later, the RAF, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and Soviet Air Forces adapted to their attackers tactics and were able to use this formation themselves against the Luftwaffe.

Other operators

The Soviet air force units in the Spanish Civil War soon adopted the formation flying against the Germans, and in 1938 recommended its use when they returned home. However most of the Spanish veterans were swept away during Stalin's purge of the armed forces,[3] and the more conservative "Vic" remained the standard Soviet formation. The pary and zveno were not re-introduced until the post-Barbarossa reforms by Alexander Novikov in 1942-43.[4]

The RAF were similarly unable to radically reform their fighter tactics until the end of the Battle of Britain. The easing of the pressure and a switch to a more offensive stance led to various experiments with formations. The flying ace Douglas Bader was the first RAF pilot to try the formation, in May 1941. After some refining it became the standard formation of his Duxford Wing, and eventually spread throughout RAF.[5]

The United States Army Air Corps and Naval Aviation began using a concept called "Fighting Pair" from 1940–41. Japan too adopted the finger-four formation during World War II.[6][7][8]

Missing man formation

Main article: Missing man formation

The finger-four formation became less common after World War II. However, it is still used in the "Missing Man Formation" at pilots' funeral ceremonies. The formation performs a fly-by in level flight over the funeral, at which point the second element leader climbs vertically and departs the formation, symbolizing the departure of the person being honored.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ FAF history at sci.fi
  2. 1 2 Finnish Air Force in World War II, Heikki Nikunen at century-of-flight.net
  3. 1 2 Spick p27
  4. ↑ Hardesty p84
  5. ↑ Burns pp150-153
  6. ↑ Bickers, (1996) P. 150
  7. ↑ Boyne, (2003) p. 192
  8. ↑ Buell, Griess, Bradley and Dice, (2002) p. 77

References

Further reading

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