Frank Haven Hall

Frank Haven Hall
Frank Hall in 1899
Born	9 February 1841 Mechanic Falls, Maine, United States
Died	3 January 1911 (aged 70) Aurora, Illinois, United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Physics Engineering Communication
Alma mater	Bates College
Known for	Inventing the first typewriter Hall Braille Writer Communications theory Stereotyper Development Transistor Movement Braille Development Keyboard Structuralism Tactile Writing Systems Hall's Mathematical Series

Frank Haven Hall (February 9, 1841 – January 3, 1911)^[1] was an American inventor, author, academic administrator, and theoretical structuralist.^[2][3][4] He invented the first successful mechanical point writer and developed major functions of modern day typography with kerning^[5] and tracking. He along with Christopher Latham Sholes has been credited as the inventor of first type writer in the United States.^[2][3][4] His furthered development of the Hall Braille Writer, in 1892, revolutionized Braille communication by dramatically speeding up the rate by which one could produce Braille characters.^[6] His research and development in the tactile writing system used by people who are blind or visually impaired, has been hailed as "the most innovative development of communications for the blind in the 19th century."^[7] His main research focused on specialized machines with differentiated keys, one for each dot in the Braille cell.^[8] He also created the stereo typewriter which produced copies faster and cheaper, derivative of inventions by Danish counterpart Rasmus Malling-Hansen, in 1893.^[9]

Early in his engineering career, Hall focused on experimental typefaces, typesetting, type design, and display configurations with ink on paper and metal placings. His first showing of his inventions occurred at the Chicago World Fair in which he displayed his newly invented and developed, stereotyper, in 1893.^[2] His technical innovations spawned a pioneering of non-impressed metal holdings, which led to the termed, "Battle of the Dots", between the traditional New York Point and his typographic structure. He adapted the stereotyper and Braille writer, subsequently creating a new precedent for blind education and information technology. It quickly spread around the country and was established on a global scale soon after.^[1]

He went on become successful academic administrator in Illinois and served as the Superintendent of the Illinois Institution for the Blind^[10] He wrote numerous publications on mathematics and structural theory that were widely used in the United States during the 1890s and 1910s. In total he has published 20 widely circulated mathematical and structural studies and textbooks.^[11] He served as the official Illinois state delegate to the Farmers' National Congress in 1908 and the National Farm Land Congress in 1909, and was a member of the National Conservation Commission.^[3] He later founded the first boarding school for the blind in the United States.^[1] He was widely known for his publications of Hall's Mathematical Series, an established educational series on algebraic manipulation and arithmetic.^[12]

Early life and education

Hall was born in Mechanic Falls, Maine in February 9, 1841. He married Sybil Hall and with her had three children. During the American Civil War Hall served in the Union Army's Twenty-Third Maine Volunteers, as a hospital steward at Edward's Ferry. After the service, Hall attended Bates College, and graduated in 1862.^[3][13]

Career

He began teaching primary school in 1864. Two years later he moved his family from Maine to Earlville, Illinois so Hall could advance his career in school administration. While working for the Sugar Grove public schools, Hall owned and ran a general store, a lumberyard, a creamery, and held the political offices of postmaster, township treasurer, and clerk. Hall and his wife also remained active in their local church.^[14]

Hall's first school administration post was as principal of Towle Academy in Maine. In 1866 he moved to Illinois, where he served as principal and teacher at public schools in Earlville, Aurora, Sugar Grove, Petersburg, Jacksonville, Waukegan, and Milwaukee.

Invention of the first typewriter

The structural diagram of Hall's standardized version of the typewriter, disowned by Christopher Latham Sholes.

Hall traveled to Milwaukee, Wisconsin originally to take up a position as an academic administrator but soon detoured to continue his research in Braille and commercial typewriters. He was present at a typewriter exhibition by Christopher Latham Sholes and saw the first prototype in January 1867. He compared the technical specifications of his earlier prototypes of the Braille writer and say modes to fashion it into a commercial type writer. He was introduced to Christopher Latham Sholes by Carlos Gladden and along with Samuel W. Soule began construction of what would be contested as the first commercial type writer in the United States. In 1868 their typewriter was debuted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to critical acclaim. Hall stood by the begin and overall function of the typewriter while Sholes, Soule, and Gladden soon disowned the machine and refused to use, or even to recommend it. It looked "like something like a cross between a piano and a kitchen table."^[16]

The working prototype was made by the machinist Matthias Schwalbach, but later standardized by Hall. The patent (US 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to Densmore, Yost, and Hall who made an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as a manufacturer of sewing machines) to commercialize the machine as the Sholes and Glidden typewriter. Hall would go on to take his standardized version to Aurora, Colorado where a new position in academia was awaiting him.

After seven successful years in Aurora, he was asked to head the Sugar Grove Industrial School, a work-and-learn agricultural school nearby. Hall spent twelve years as head of the school. From his work around Aurora and Sugar Grove he learned the value of experiential learning and began to lecture at teachers' institutes around the country, challenging the "learning by rote" forms of education dominant at the time. For a short time he became superintendent of schools in Petersburg, Menard County before moving back to Aurora.^[3]

In academia

Hall's most distinguished post in academic began in 1890 as Superintendent of the School for the Blind in Jacksonville, Illinois, despite his lack of training or experience with education for the blind.^[17] He was a quick study, visiting several schools for the blind on the east coast, and quickly decided that blind students required vocational and experiential learning much the same as any student.^[3] A political power shift in Illinois from the Republican party to the Democratic party caused Hall to lose his post. From 1893 to 1897, during the governorship of Democrat John Peter Altgeld, Hall served as superintendent of the Waukegan schools.

When the Republicans returned to power in 1897, Hall was reappointed to his post at the School for the Blind. He remained at the school until 1902.^[3][18] Hall's work led him to advocacy, most importantly persuading Chicago school administrators to create the first public school day class for blind students in 1900. This created an alternative to segregated boarding schools for the blind.

Hall was an advocate of integrating farming and agriculture into academic and studious life. He served as the official Illinois state delegate to the Farmers' National Congress in 1908 and the National Farm Land Congress in 1909, and was a member of the National Conservation Commission.^[3]

Scientific career

Hall Braille Writer

Early 1800s model of the Hansen Writing Ball used by Hall as a template

Print setter used as a ink carrier in the 1800s

On May 27, 1892, while working as superintendent for the Illinois Institution for the Blind, Hall unveiled the Hall Braille Writer. The typewriter is recognized as the first successful mechanical point writer. Modeled on typewriters of the time, his invention revolutionized Braille communication.^[4] Prior to his invention, Braille was not widely taught by teachers of the blind, because teaching Braille involved writing boards on which a student had to push one or more of six Braille character points in reverse.^[19] The Hall Braille Writer, along with Hall's advocacy, helped make Braille the dominant form of written communication for the blind. He never patented the machine because he thought profit would sully his work with the blind.^[2][3] The Hall Braille Writer was manufactured by the Harrison & Seifried company in Chicago, Illinois.^[20] It was manufactured for 10 dollars and sold for 11 dollars.^[19] Distribution of the machine has been found in library collections as far away as Australia and China.^[3]

Construction and research

This invention took the place of more laborious devices used for instruction. Students were regularly using slate or metal frame to guide a stylus or punch held in the hand. Hall created an instrument that adapted its stripping capabilities to produce a Stereotyper metal plate from which multiple copies could be made. This system was built upon the previous and more established models however with key differences. One such difference was the creation of non-impressed metal holdings, which subsequently lead to a termed, "Battle of the Dots". Researches at the time, believed strongly of the typographic form of New York Point. His adaptions created a new precedent for blind education and information technology, it quickly spread around the country and was established on a global scale soon after.^[1]

Sterotyper

Hall invented several other tools used for Braille communication, most notably a stereotyper used to make typeset plates for printing Braille books. He unveiled this device at the Chicago World Fair.^[2] Other inventions include an apparatus for skimming milk^[21] and co-invention of the stereo typewriter.^[4] A Jacksonville gunmaker named Gustav A. Sieber often helped Hull with the engineering of his inventions.^[3]

Hellen Keller, beneficiary of the Hall Braille Writer

Chicago World Fair

He also co-founded the stereo typewriter which produced copies faster and cheaper, a derivative of the inventions by Rasmus Malling-Hansen, in 1893.^[9]

At the Chicago World Fair, Hall was displaying his latest invention, the stereotyper, when Hellen Keller famously approached him and publicly hugged and kissed him, drawing gasps from the crowd as such an occurrence was against social structure at the time. In the book Devil in the White City, Erick Larson retells the emotional story of Hall meeting Helen Keller at the Chicago World Fair in 1893. According to Larson, when Helen Keller learned that Hall was the inventor of the Braille typewriter she used, she hugged and kissed him. Larson added that retelling the story always brought Hall to tears.^[2][3] She was later integral to the establishment of the practice buy learning multiple codes in order to read and write.^[22]

Research and investigations

Hall was a researcher focused on the development of the Hall Braille Writer, first formed in 1892. It would go on to revolutionize Braille communication by dramatically speeding up the rate by which one could produce Braille characters.^[6] His research and development in the tactile writing system used by people who are blind or visually impaired, has been hailed as "the most innovative development of communications for the blind in the 19th century."^[7] His main research focused on specialized machines with differentiated keys, one for each dot in the Braille cell.^[8] He also worked on international uniformity of the braille alphabets, and the development of typesetting systems.^[11]

Death and legacy

In the spring of 1910, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis of the lungs and diabetes. He died the following January.^[3] Hall's final resting place is in Aurora, Illinois.

Hall's legacy is honored through the names of a few Illinois area schools. The main administrative building at the Illinois School for the Visually Impaired is named the Frank Haven Hall Building. Also, in the West Auroral School District 129, where Hull served as Superintendent, the Hall Elementary School is named for him.^[23]

Artist Rudulph Evans commissioned a sculpture of Hall's likeness in 1912. It stood for many years at Hall Elementary, and is now on permanent loan to the Smithsonian Institution.^[24]

Publications

Hall's Mathematical Series

Hall has written approximately twenty widely circulated textbooks and publications on mathematics, structuralism, and educationalist policy. He was widely known for his publications of Hall's Mathematical Series.^[12] Some of the most prominent textbooks and publications include:^[11]

• Hall, Frank H. The Arithmetic Primer; an Independent Number Book to Precede Any Series of Arithmetics. Werner School Book Co. (1901)
• Hall, Frank H. The Werner Arithmetic: Oral and Written. Books III – Parts I and II. Werner School Book Co. (1898)
• Hall, Frank H. The Practical Arithmetic: Oral and Written. Werner School Book Co. (1899)
• Hall, Frank H. Arithmetic, How to Teach It Published: Werner School Book Co. (1900)
• Hall, Frank H. The Primary Arithmetic: Oral and Written. Werner School Book Co. (1906)

Selected works

• Hall, F.H. (1909). The ethical value of vocational stitution in secondary schools (National education association of the United States. Journal of proceedings and addresses) . Publisher: s.n.

References

External links

• "Hall Braille writer, model 1 - 1892". 
• Works by or about Frank Haven Hall at Internet Archive