Freemasonry in France

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Freemasonry in France has been influential on the worldwide Masonic movement due to its founding of Continental Freemasonry.^[1]

There are many and varied Masonic rites and obediences in France. The main male-only masonic organisations are the Grande Loge de France and the Grande Loge Nationale Française, the main female-only organisation is the Women's Grand Lodge Of France, and the main mixed organisations are now the Grand Orient de France and the Droit Humain. Other organisations exist such as the Felicitaries.

History

Obediences

• Grand Orient de France
• Grande Loge de France
• Grande Loge Nationale Française
• Grand Lodge Mondial of Misraïm
• Women's Grand Lodge Of France
• Le Droit Humain
• Universal Mixed Grand Lodge
• Mixed Grand Lodge of France
• Grande Loge Traditionnelle et Symbolique Opéra
• Loge Nationale Française
• Grande Loge Féminine de Memphis-Misraïm
• Grande Loge Rectifiée

Critiques and scandals

In the 18th century, the Pope banned Freemasonry, for reasons linked to the situation in Tuscany that were more political than religious^[2] The relevant bull, In eminenti apostolatus was not however registered by the parliament of Paris and was never enacted in France. At the end of the 19th century, in the struggle between the French Republic and the Catholic Church, Freemasonry and its then-powerful networks definitively backed the state, leading to the Affaire Des Fiches, and even came to be called "the church of the Republic".^[3]

References

Bibliography

Works used in this article

• Dachez, Roger (2003). Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française. Que sais-je?. PUF. ISBN 2-13-053539-9. 
• Jacques Mitterrand, Serge Hutin and Alain Guichard (1992). "Franc-maçonnerie". Encyclopédie Universalis. 9. la présente éd. a été réalisée sous la présidence de Peter. F. Baumberger. ISBN 2-85229-287-4.  CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
• Naudon, Paul (1981). Histoire générale de la franc-maçonnerie. PUF. ISBN 2-13-037281-3. 
• Franc-maçonnerie, avenir d'une tradition. Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours. 1997. ISBN 2-84099-061-X. 
• sous la direction de Daniel Ligou.; et al. (2000). Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France. 1. private publisher. ISBN 2-7089-6838-6. 
• sous la direction de Daniel Ligou.; et al. (2000). Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France. 2. private publisher. ISBN 2-7089-6839-4. 
• Garibal, Gilbert (1994). Être franc-maçon aujourd'hui. 2. Marabout. ISBN 2-501-02029-4. 
• <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (1997). "Les francs-maçons". Historia. 48. ISSN 0018-2281. 
• Christian Guigue (2013). La Formation Maçonnique. Christian Guigue. ISBN 2-9506708-9-X. 

Documentaries

• "Grand Orient les frères invisibles" - script by Alain Moreau, directed by Patrick Cabouat, produced by France 5 / Program 33.

Other authorities in this area

• Pierre Chevallier, Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française, 3 volumes, Fayard, 1974.
• Laurent Jaunaux, Concise History of the French Regular Freemasonry, Philalethe Society, 2001