Gastric outlet obstruction

Gastric outlet obstruction

Decubitus x-ray of abdomen of patient with gastric outlet obstruction. There is a prominent gastric air bubble, gastric air-fluid level, and a dilated stomach with particulate matter within it.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	gastroenterology
ICD-10	K31.1
ICD-9-CM	537.0
eMedicine	article/190621

Gastric outlet obstruction (often abbreviated as GOO) is a medical condition where there is an obstruction at the level of the pylorus, which is the outlet of the stomach. Individuals with gastric outlet obstruction will often have recurrent vomiting of food that has accumulated in the stomach, but which cannot pass into the small intestine due to the obstruction. The stomach often dilates to accommodate food intake and secretions. Causes of gastric outlet obstruction include both benign causes (such as peptic ulcer disease affecting the area around the pylorus), as well as malignant causes, such as gastric cancer.

Causation related to ulcers may involve severe pain which the patient may interpret as a heart condition/attack.^[1]

Treatment of the condition depends upon the underlying cause; it can involve antibiotic treatment when H. Pylori is related to an ulcer,^[2] endoscopic therapies (such as dilation of the obstruction with balloons or the placement of self expandable metallic stents), other medical therapies, or surgery to resolve the obstruction.

Causes

The causes are divided into benign or malignant.

Benign
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Infections, such as tuberculosis; and infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis.
- A rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction is blockage with a gallstone, also termed Bouveret's syndrome.
- In children congenital pyloric stenosis / congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis may be a cause.
- A pancreatic pseudocyst can cause gastric compression.
- Pyloric mucosal diaphragm could be a rare cause.
Malignant
- Tumours of the stomach, including adenocarcinoma (and its linitis plastica variant), lymphoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Pathophysiology

In a peptic ulcer it is believed to be a result of edema and scarring of the ulcer, followed by healing and fibrosis, which leads to obstruction of the gastroduodenal junction (usually an ulcer in the first part of the duodenum).^[3]

Clinical features

The main symptom is vomiting, which typically occurs after meals of undigested food, devoid of any bile. A history of previous peptic ulcers and loss of weight is not uncommon. In advanced cases, signs to look for on physical examination are wasting and dehydration. Visible Peristalsis from left to right may be present. Succussion splash is a splash-like sound heard over the stomach in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen on shaking the patient, with or without the stethoscope. Bowel sound may be increased due to excessive peristaltic action of stomach. Fullness in left hypochondrium may also be present.

Management

Investigations

The most confirmatory investigation is endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract.

Laboratory

Individuals with gastric outlet obstruction are often hypochloremic, hypokalemic, and alkalotic due to loss of hydrogen chloride and potassium. High urea and creatinine levels may also be observed if the patient is dehydrated.

Abdominal X-ray

A gastric fluid level may be seen which would support the diagnosis.

CALcification

Barium meal and follow through

May show an enlarged stomach and pyloroduodenal stenosis.^[4]

Gastroscopy

May help with cause and can be used therapeutically.

Treatment

Treatment of gastric outlet obstruction depends on the cause, but is usually either surgical or medical.

Medical In most patients with peptic ulcer disease, the oedema will usually settle with conservative management with nasogastric suction, replacement of fluids and electrolytes and proton pump inhibitors.

Surgical Surgery is indicated in cases of gastric outlet obstruction in which there is significant obstruction and in cases where medical therapy has failed. Endoscopic balloon therapy may be attempted as an alternative to surgery, with balloon dilation reporting success rates of 76% after repeat dilatons.^[5] The operation usually performed is an antrectomy, the removal of the antral portion of the stomach. Other surgical approaches include: vagotomy, the severing of the vagus nerve, the Billroth I, a procedure which involves anastomosing the duodenum to the distal stomach, or a bilateral truncal vagotomy with gastrojejunostomy.

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction may include: early gastric carcinoma hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux, adrenal insufficiency, and inborn errors of metabolism.

References

↑ http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-disease
↑ http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-disease
↑ Doherty GM, Way LW, editors. Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment. 12th Edition. New York: Mcgraw-Hill; 2006.
↑ Mieny CJ. General Surgery.6th Ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik; 2006.
↑ Lam YH, Lau JY, Fung TM, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation for benign gastric outlet obstruction with or without Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastrointest Endosc. Aug 2004;60(2):229-33

Diseases of the digestive system (primarily K20–K93, 530–579)

Upper GI tract

Esophagus	Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory-Weiss syndrome UES Zenker's diverticulum LES Barrett's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Esophageal stricture Megaesophagus

Stomach	Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic (gastric) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus

Lower GI tract:
Intestinal/
Enteropathy

Small intestine (Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum)	Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic (duodenal) ulcer Curling's ulcer Malabsorption: Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Whipple's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption

Large intestine (Appendix/Colon)	Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis

Large and/or small	Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn's disease Vascular: Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction: Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions

Rectum	Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus

Anal canal	Anal fissure/Anal fistula Anal abscess Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani

GI bleeding/BIS

Accessory

Liver	Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver NASH Vascular Budd-Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson's disease Hemochromatosis

Gallbladder	Cholecystitis Gallstones/Cholecystolithiasis Cholesterolosis Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder

Bile duct/ Other biliary tree	Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Gallstones/Cholelithiasis Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction

Pancreatic	Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula

Abdominopelvic

Hernia	Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit's Grynfeltt-Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter's

Peritoneal	Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum

Gastric outlet obstruction due to duodenal tuberculosis

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