Geology of Pluto

High-resolution MVIC view of Pluto in enhanced color, illustrating variations in surface composition

The geology of Pluto consists of the characteristics of the surface, crust, and interior of Pluto. Because of Pluto's distance from Earth, in-depth study from Earth is difficult. Because of this, many details about Pluto remained unknown until 14 July 2015, when New Horizons flew through the Pluto system and began transmitting data back to Earth.^[1] When it did, Pluto was found to have remarkable geologic diversity, with New Horizons team member Jeff Moore saying that it "is every bit as complex as that of Mars” ^[2] The final New Horizons Pluto data transmission was received on October 25, 2016.^[3][4]

Surface

Polygonal feature north of the dark equatorial regions on Pluto
(11 July 2015)

The portions of Pluto's surface mapped by New Horizons. Center is 180 degrees longitude (diametrically opposite the moon Charon).

Pluto's surface is composed of more than 98 percent nitrogen ice, with traces of methane and carbon monoxide.^[5] The face of Pluto oriented toward Charon contains more methane ice, whereas the opposite face contains more nitrogen and carbon monoxide ice.^[6] Distribution of volatile ices is thought to be season-dependent and influenced more by solar insolation and topography than subsurface processes.^[7]

Maps produced from images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), together with Pluto's lightcurve and the periodic variations in its infrared spectra, indicate that Pluto's surface is very varied, with large differences in both brightness and color,^[8] with albedos between 0.49 and 0.66.^[9] Pluto is one of the most contrastive bodies in the Solar System, with as much contrast as Saturn's moon Iapetus.^[10] The color varies between charcoal black, dark orange and white.^[11] Pluto's color is more similar to that of Io with slightly more orange, significantly less red than Mars.^[12] New Horizons found that Pluto's surface age is equally variable, with ancient, dark, mountainous terrain (such as Cthulhu) being found alongside the bright, flat, effectively craterless Sputnik Planitia and various terrains of intermediate age and color.

Pluto's surface color has changed between 1994 and 2003: the northern polar region has brightened and the southern hemisphere has darkened.^[11] Pluto's overall redness has also increased substantially between 2000 and 2002.^[11] These rapid changes are probably related to seasonal condensation and sublimation of portions of Pluto's atmosphere, amplified by Pluto's extreme axial tilt and high orbital eccentricity.^[11]

Distribution of over 1000 craters of all ages on Pluto. The variation in density indicates a long history of varying geological activity.

Geologic map of Sputnik Planitia and surroundings (context), with convection cell margins outlined in black

Soft-ice plains and glaciers

Sputnik Planitia appears to be composed of ices more volatile, softer and more dense than the water-ice bedrock of Pluto, including nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane ice.^[13] A polygonal convection cell structure is visible over much of the planitia. No craters have been found, indicating that its surface must be less than 10 million years old.^[14] A number of mechanisms are proposed to explain the absence of craters including cryovolcanism, convective overturn, and viscous relaxation - processes that would erase negative topography.^[14] Glaciers of what is probably nitrogen ice can be seen flowing from the planitia into adjacent depressions and craters. Nitrogen from the plain appears to have been carried via the atmosphere and deposited in a thin layer of ice on uplands to the east and south of the plain, forming the large bright eastern lobe of Tombaugh Regio. Glaciers appear to be flowing back into the planitia through valleys from these eastern highlands.

Localization of frozen carbon monoxide in Sputnik Planitia (shorter contours represent higher concentrations).

Polygonal ice patterns in southern Sputnik Planitia (context) due to convection. Dark spots in the troughs at lower left are pits.^[15]

Closeup view of sublimation pits (context) in Sputnik Planitia

Additional views of Sputnik Planitia sublimation pits (context); some (left image) have dark material within

The northern edge of Sputnik Planitia (context), with indications of nitrogen ice flowing into and filling adjacent depressions.  Nitrogen ice glaciers flow from uplands through valleys into east Sputnik Planitia (context). Arrows indicate valley sides (which are 3 to 8 km apart) and the flow front in the planitia.  Nitrogen ice glaciers flowing into the eastern margin of the planitia (similar reprojected backlit view highlighting flow lines).

Water-ice mountains

Mountains several kilometres high have been found along the southwestern and southern edges of Sputnik Planitia. Water ice is the only ice detected on Pluto that is strong enough at Plutonian temperatures to support such heights.

Pluto - water ice distribution (false color; rel 29 January 2016  Regions where water ice has been detected (blue regions)  Hillary Montes and Norgay Montes lie between Sputnik Planitia (top) and Cthulhu Regio (bottom).[16]

Ancient cratered terrain

Cthulhu Regio and other dark areas have many craters and signatures of methane ice. The dark red color is thought to be due to tholins falling out of Pluto's atmosphere.

Northern latitudes

The mid-northern latitudes display a variety of terrain reminiscent of the surface of Triton. A polar cap consisting of methane ice "diluted in a thick, transparent slab of nitrogen ice" is somewhat darker and redder.^[17]

Distribution of methane ice on Pluto. Bright green is the polar cap; bright red is Balrog Regio.  Map of methane ice abundance, which shows striking regional differences. Stronger methane absorption indicated by the brighter purple colors here, and lower abundances shown in black.  Indications of complex geological features north of the dark equatorial regions

The western part of Pluto's northern hemisphere consists of an extensive, highly distinctive set of 500-meter-high mountains informally named Tartarus Dorsa; the spacing and shape of the mountains looks similar to scales or tree bark. The method of their formation is unknown, though it has been speculated that they may be composed of methane clathrates that formed in the protosolar nebula.^[18] Cutting through both Tartarus Dorsa and Pluto's heavily cratered northern terrain is a set of six canyons radiating from a single point; the longest, informally named Sleipnir Fossa, is over 580 kilometers long. These chasms are thought to have originated from pressures caused by material upwelling at the center of the formation.^[19]

Possible cryovolcanism

When New Horizons first sent back data from Pluto, Pluto was thought to be losing hundreds of tons of its atmosphere an hour to ultraviolet light from the Sun; such an escape rate would be too great to be resupplied by comet impacts. Instead, nitrogen was thought to be resupplied by either cryovolcanism or geysers bringing it to the surface. Images of structures that imply upwelling of material from within Pluto, and streaks possibly left by geysers, support this view.^[15][20] Subsequent discoveries suggest that Pluto's atmospheric escape was overestimated by several thousand times and thus Pluto could theoretically keep its atmosphere without geological assistance, though evidence of ongoing geology is still strong.^[21]

Two possible cryovolcanoes, provisionally named Wright Mons and Piccard Mons, have been identified in topographic maps of the region south of Sputnik Planitia, near the south pole. Both are over 150 km across and at least 4 km high, the tallest peaks known on Pluto at present. They are lightly cratered and thus geologically young, although not as young as Sputnik Planitia. They are characterized by a large summit depression and hummocky flanks. This represents the first time large potentially cryovolcanic constructs have been clearly imaged anywhere in the Solar System.^[22][23][24]

Pluto - possible cryovolcanoes

Wright Mons (overall context)

Wright Mons, displaying its central depression (source image (context))

3D map showing Wright Mons (above) and Piccard Mons

Internal structure

Pluto's theoretical structure^[25]

• 1. Frozen nitrogen^[5]
• 2. Water ice
• 3. Rock

Pluto's density is 7003187000000000000♠1.87 g/cm³.^[26] Because the decay of radioactive elements would eventually heat the ices enough for the rock to separate from them, scientists think that Pluto's internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense core surrounded by a mantle of water ice.^[27]

The diameter of the core is hypothesized to be approximately 7006170000000000000♠1700 km, 70% of Pluto's diameter.^[25] It is possible that such heating continues today, creating a subsurface ocean layer of liquid water and ammonia some 100 to 180 km thick at the core–mantle boundary.^[25][27][28] Studies based on New Horizon's images of Pluto reveal no signs of contraction (as would be expected if Pluto's internal water had all frozen and turned into ice II) and imply that Pluto's interior is still expanding, probably due to this internal ocean; this is the first concrete evidence that Pluto's interior is still liquid.^[29] Pluto is proposed to have a thick water-ice lithosphere, based on the length of individual faults and lack of localized uplift. Differing trends in the faults suggest previously active tectonics, though its mechanisms remain unknown. ^[30] The DLR Institute of Planetary Research calculated that Pluto's density-to-radius ratio lies in a transition zone, along with Neptune's moon Triton, between icy satellites like the mid-sized moons of Uranus and Saturn, and rocky satellites such as Jupiter's Io.^[31]

Pluto has no magnetic field.^[32]

See also

• List of geological features on Pluto

References

External links

• Pluto viewed through the years (NASA; GIF animation; 15 July 2015).

Pluto
Geography (features)	Regions "Brass Knuckles" Krun Ala Balrog Vucub-Came Hun-Came Meng-p'o Cadejo Cthulhu Hayabusa Lowell Morgoth Pioneer Tombaugh Venera Viking Voyager Mountains Challenger Colles Coleta de Dados Colles Hillary Montes Norgay Montes Plains Sputnik Planitia Valleys and depressions Quidlivun Cavus Lineae Luna Linea General Atmosphere Geology
Moons	Charon (features) Regions Gallifrey Mordor Vulcan Mountains Kubrick Mons Chasms Nostromo Chasma Craters Ripley Crater Geology Geology Other moons Styx Nix Kerberos Hydra
Astronomy	Definition Alan Stern Definition of planet Double planet Dwarf planet IAU definition of planet International Astronomical Union Michael E. Brown Neil deGrasse Tyson Planet Plutino Plutoid Trans-Neptunian object Discovery Clyde Tombaugh James Christy Lowell Observatory Percival Lowell Planet X Roger Putnam Eclipses Solar eclipses on Pluto General Kuiper belt
Exploration	Current Hubble Space Telescope New Horizons Cancelled Pluto Fast Flyby/Pluto Kuiper Express Mariner Mark II Old proposals Voyager 1 TAU
Related	Fiction Mythology