K'awiil
K'awiil, also known as God K, is a Maya deity identified with lightning, serpents, fertility and maize. He is often associated with the Maya maize god (especially the Tonsured Maize God aspect [1]) and Chaac. He is characterized by a zoomorphic head, large eyes, long, upturned snout and attenuated serpent tooth.[2] He is often shown as having a serpent foot, and a torch, stone celt, or cigar, coming out of his forehead, normally emitting smoke.
Names
From the correspondence between Landa's description of the New Year rituals and the depiction of these rituals in the Dresden Codex,[3] it can be inferred that in 16th-century Yucatán, K'awiil was called Bolon Dzacab 'Innumerable (bolon 'nine, innumerable') maternal generations', perhaps a metaphor for fertility. God K's name in the Classic period may have been the same, or similar, since the numeral 'nine' is repeatedly included in the deity's logogram.
However, based on epigraphical considerations, the Classical god K is now most often referred to as K'awiil. Hieroglyphically, the head of god K can substitute for the syllable k'a in k'awiil, a word possibly meaning 'powerful one', and attested as a generic deity title in Yucatec documents. This substitution has given rise to the idea that, inversely, the title k'awiil as a whole should be considered a name specifically referring to god K.[4]
Narratives and scenes
Lightnings play a crucial role in tales dealing with the creation of the world and its preparation for the advent of mankind. In the cosmogony of the Popol Vuh, three Lightning deities identified with the 'Heart of the Sky' (among whom Huraqan 'One-Leg') create the earth out of the primordial sea, and people it with animals. Bolon Dzacab plays an important, if not very clear role in the cosmogonical myth related in the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, where he is identified with wrapped-up seeds.[5] The rain gods or their lightnings once opened up the Maize Mountain, making the maize seeds available to mankind.
K'awiil also figures in an enigmatic Classic scene known only from ceramics (see fig.2), showing an aged ancestor or deity emerging from the serpentine foot of the lightning god, apparently to mate with a nude young woman of decidedly aristocratic allure entwined by the serpent. Not impossibly, the meaning of the scene is ritual, rather than mythological. Perhaps related to this, stucco reliefs at Palenque depict a king (and perhaps also a queen) holding a baby with a lightning celt in the forehead and a serpentine leg.
Functions
The illustrated katun cycle of the Paris Codex suggests that the presentation of the head of K'awiil;– perhaps holding the promise of 'Innumerable Generations' – was part of the king's ritual inauguration and accession to the throne. K'awiil not only embodied the king's war-like lightning power, but also his power to bring agricultural prosperity to his subjects: The Lightning deity was a god of agricultural abundance, and of the maize and cacao seeds in particular. Therefore, he is often depicted with a sack of grains, sometimes accompanied by the expression hun yax(al) hun k'an(al) 'abundance'.
See also
References
- ↑ Taube 1998: 39
- ↑ Stone and Zender 2011: 49
- ↑ "O Códice de Dresden". World Digital Library. 1200–1250. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
- ↑ Stuart 1987: 13-16
- ↑ Roys 1967: 99
Bibliography
- Coe, Michael; Mark van Stone (2001). Reading the Maya Glyphs (1st ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500051100.
- Coe, Michael (2011). The Maya (8th ed.). Thames and Hudson.
- Foster, Lynn V. (2002). Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Oxford University Press.
- Houston, Stephen D.; David Stuart; Karl Taube (2006). The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya (First ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Looper, Matthew G. (2009). To be Like Gods: Dance in Ancient Maya Civlisation (Illustrated ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Miller, Mary Ellen; Karl Taube (1997). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: an Illustrated Dictionary (1st Paperback ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500279284.
- Schele, Linda; David A. Freidel; Joy Parker (1993). Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
- Schele, Linda; David A. Freidel (1990). A Forest of Kings: the Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: Morrow.
- Stone, Andrea; Mark M. Zender (2011). Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Taube, Karl A. (1985). "The Classic Maya Maize God: A Reappraisal". Fifth Palenque Round Table, Virginia M. Fields (ed). San Francisco, CA: The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. pp. 171–181.
- Taube, Karl A. (1989-01-01). "The Maize Tamale in Classic Maya Diet, Epigraphy, and Art". American Antiquity. 54 (1): 31–51. doi:10.2307/281330. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 281330.
- Thompson, John Eric Sidney (1970). Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806122472.