Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin 30,000-40,000
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia; Oceania.
Ancestor K2b (P331)
Descendants
  • K2b1a (CTS5650/
    F3744/P405);
  • K2b1b (P336);
  • K2b1c (P378); and
  • M (P256), also known as K2b1d
Defining mutations P397, P399 [1][2]

Haplogroup K2b1 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).[3][2]

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.

Structure

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its primary branches are:

Distribution

The vast majority of males carrying K2b1 are members of Haplogroup M and Haplogroup S, in New Guinea.

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta of the Philippines.[4]

Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 27% of Aboriginal males carry K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), which has also been referred to as "S-P308".[4][5] (The authors assumed 56% of the samples taken to be non-indigenous in origin. The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: C1b2b [M347; previous Haplogroup C4], basal C* [M130] and two distantly-related subclades of Haplogroup K2 at low levels: basal K2* [M526] and M1 [M4].)

Population K2b1 as % [6]
Papua New Guinea 82.76%
New Zealand 03.82% (i.e. 1.95% of the 51% Maori males with indigenous Y-DNA)
Fiji 60.75%
Solomon Islands 71.9%
French Polynesia 08.00%
Vanuatu 76.5%
Guam 33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa 08.04%
Kiribati 0% (small sample size)
Tonga 20.69%
Micronesia FDR 66.67%
Marshall Islands 63.64%
Palau 61.5% small sample size
Cook Islands 03.9%
Wallis and Futuna 26%
Tuvalu 36%
Nauru 28.6% (small sample size)
Niue 0% (small sample size)
Tokelau 50% (small sample size)
Hawaii 20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians 27% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous) [5]
Timor 25%
Aeta 60%
Filipinos 04.00%
Malaysia 06.40%
Flores 35%
Sulawesi 11.3%
Eastern Indonesia 25.9%
Java 0%
Bali 0.90%
Sumatra 0%
Borneo (Indonesia) 05.80%
West Papua 52.6%
West Papua 82.6%
Sumba 25.2%
Chuukkese people (Micronesia) 76.5%
Pohnpeian people (Micronesia) 70% (small sample size)

References

  1. ↑ http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm
  2. 1 2 Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet. 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152.
  3. ↑ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH (Feb 2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  4. 1 2 Karafet 2014
  5. 1 2 Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  6. ↑ (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ   K
I J    LT [χ 5]  K2
L T [χ 6] NO [χ 7] K2b [χ 8]     K2c  K2d  K2e [χ 9]
N   O   K2b1 [χ 10]     P
K2b1a[χ 11]     K2b1b K2b1c      M     P1 P2
K2b1a1   K2b1a2   K2b1a3 S [χ 12] Q   R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T (M184) was known as "Haplogroup K2" – that name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  7. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  10. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  11. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1a has also been known as Haplogroup S-P405.
  12. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230), also known as K2b1a4, was previously known as Haplogroup K5.
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