Helen Sawyer Hogg

Helen Sawyer Hogg

Plaque to Helen Sawyer Hogg at Canada Science and Technology Museum
Born (1905-08-01)1 August 1905
Lowell, Massachusetts
Died 28 January 1993(1993-01-28) (aged 87)
Richmond Hill, Ontario
Fields Astronomy
Institutions David Dunlap Observatory, University of Toronto
Known for globular clusters
Notable awards Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy (1949)
Rittenhouse Medal (1967)
Klumpke-Roberts Award (1983)

Helen Battles Sawyer Hogg, CC (1 August 1905 – 28 January 1993) was an astronomer noted for pioneering research into globular clusters and variable stars. She was the first female president of several astronomical organizations and a notable woman of science in a time when many universities would not award scientific degrees to women. Her scientific advocacy and journalism included astronomy columns in the Toronto Star ("With the Stars", 1951–81) and the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada ("Out of Old Books", 1946–65). She was considered a "great scientist and a gracious person" over a career of sixty years.[1]

Early life

Born in Lowell, Massachusetts on August 1, 1905, Helen was the second daughter of banker Edward Everett Sawyer and his wife Carrier Sprague Sawyer who was previously a schoolteacher. Talented academically, Helen graduated from Lowell High School at the age of 15, but chose to stay for an additional year before leaving to attend Mount Holyoke College in 1922.[2]

Education

After graduating from high school, Helen enrolled in Mount Holyoke College. Despite having nearly completed a chemistry degree, she changed her major from chemistry to astronomy after attending introductory astronomy classes with Dr. Anne Sewell in her junior year (1925).[2] In January 1925, Dr. Sewell took her class to see a total eclipse of the sun and a year later Annie Jump Cannon, an astronomer working at Harvard University, came to visit Mount Holyoke.[3] Helen cited these experiences as defining moments that led to her career studying stars.[2] In 1926 Helen completed her undergraduate degree in astronomy, graduating magna cum laude.[4]

After graduating from Mount Holyoke, Helen received a fellowship for graduate study at Harvard Observatory in the fall of 1926 with the help of Dr. Cannon.[2] Once at Harvard Helen worked with Dr. Harlow Shapley, the director of the graduate program in astronomy. Following the expectations and work ethic of Dr. Shapley, Helen worked hard, long hours measuring the size and brightness of globular clusters and published several papers.[2] Helen received her master's degree in 1928 and her doctoral degree in 1931, both from Radcliffe College, as Harvard refused to award graduate degrees in science to women at the time.[5]

For her advances in astronomy, Helen received honorary doctoral degrees from six Canadian and U.S. Universities, including Mount Holyoke College and the University of Toronto.[3][4]

Scientific work

While completing her doctoral degree, Helen taught astronomy at Mount Holyoke and at Smith College.[2] After graduation she moved to Victoria, British Columbia, where she began research at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. Helen began taking photos of variable stars on the 72-inch reflecting telescope, cataloguing the cyclical changes in the brightness of the variable stars. At the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Helen found 132 new variable stars in the globular cluster Messier 2.[2] Helen published this ground breaking work in astronomical catalogues that are still used today.[3] Notably, Helen accomplished all of this as a volunteer assistant to her husband, as the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory would not offer her a job.

In 1935 Helen moved to the University of Toronto, after her husband had received a job offer to work at the David Dunlap Observatory.[5] For her first year there, Helen continued her work photographing globular clusters, amassing thousands of photographs which she used to identify many thousands of variable stars. She published Catalogue of 1116 Variable Stars in Globular Clusters in 1939, the first of three catalogues she completed, with a fourth in the works at the time of her death.[2] In addition to her work on variable stars in globular clusters, Helen used the period-luminosity relationship of Cepheid variable stars (discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1908) to enhance the understanding of the Milky Way Galaxy's age, size and structure.[2]

During the late 1930s, Helen became one of the first astronomers to travel and work around the world to advance her research, as the globular clusters she was observing were best seen from the southern hemisphere.[4]

From 1939–1941, Helen returned to America to serve as the president of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (1939–1941) and the acting chair of Mount Holyoke's astronomy department (1940–1941).[2][3] Upon returning to the David Dunlap Observatory, she took on teaching duties at the University of Toronto, largely as a result of male staff being away due to World War II.[2][4] Retaining her position after the men returned from war, Helen advanced to assistant professor in 1951, associate professor in 1955, full professor in 1957, and professor emerita in 1976 upon her retirement.[2][4] Over her research career Helen published more than 200 papers, and was a leading authority in astronomy.[3]

Scientific advocacy, awareness, and service

Not limiting herself to publishing her astronomical speciality of variable stars in globular clusters, Helen published on the history of astronomy through her column "Out of Old Books", which was published in the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.[4][6][7] She was also known for the 30 years she spent writing her weekly column "With the Stars", which was published in the Toronto Star.[5][6] In addition, Helen popularized astronomy with her book The Stars Belong to Everyone in 1976, an eight-show television series on Canadian educational television in 1970, and her role as founding president of the Canadian Astronomical Society.[2][6] She also actively supported women to pursue science.[2]

In addition to her advocacy and awareness work, "Helen presided over several Canadian astronomical and scientific organizations", and "served on the board of directors of Bell Telephone Company of Canada from 1968 to 1978".[2] She was also the director of the National Science Foundation's astronomy program, and in this position she "helped determine sites for the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and for Kitt Peak National Observatory" in 1955.[2] In 1960, "she became the first woman president of the physical sciences section of the Royal Society of Canada", as well as "the first female president of the Royal Canadian Institute (1964–1965)".[3]

Personal life

Helen married husband and fellow astronomy student at Harvard Frank Scott Hogg in 1930, and the two moved to Victoria, British Columbia in 1931.[2] Helen gave birth to the couple's daughter Sally there in June 1932. Happily, Helen found having a child was manageable, and she was able to continue her observation work by bringing her sleeping daughter with her to the observatory at night in a basket. The observatory's director, Dr. J.S. Plaskett, also was supportive; he gave Helen a research grant of $200, which she used to hire a full-time housekeeper for an entire year providing further support for her research work.[2]

In 1935, the couple moved to Ontario to work at the University of Toronto's David Dunlap Observatory, where the couple's second child David was born in January 1936, followed shortly by their third child James in September 1937.[2] Frank died in 1951 of a heart attack, and Helen picked up many of his professional responsibilities in addition to raising their three children.[2][5] In 1985, Helen married F.E.L. Priestley, a colleague and professor emeritus of English at the University of Toronto, who died in 1988.[2][8]

Helen died of a heart attack on January 28, 1993, in Richmond Hill, Ontario.[2]

Awards and honours

The Helen Sawyer Hogg Observatory

Awards

Honours and dedications

References

  1. ↑ Shearer, B.F., & Shearer, B.S. (1997). Notable Women in the Physical Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Shearer, B.F., & Shearer, B.S. (1997). Women physical scientists: a biography/dictionary. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maisel, M., & Smart, L. (1997). Helen Sawyer Hogg. Retrieved from Women in Science: A Selection of 16 Significant Contributors: http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/credits.html
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hinds, M. (2006). Helen Sawyer Hogg. Helen Sawyer Hogg, 1.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Astronomy Hogg's Lifetime Work. (2002, March 25). Pittsburgh Post - Gazette, pp.C-8.
  6. 1 2 3 Malerbo, D. (2009, March 26). Helen Sawyer Hogg. Pittsburg, PA: Pittsburg Post - Gazette.
  7. 1 2 RASC Publications Our Printer History; Out of Old Books. (2013). Retrieved from Royal Astronomical Society of Canada: http://www.rasc.ca/outofoldbooks
  8. 1 2 3 Hogg-Priestly, Helen Battles Sawyer (1905-1993). (1998). In The Penguin Biographical Dictionary of Women. Retrieved from http://credoreference.com/penbdw/hogg_priestler_helen_battles_sawyer
  9. ↑ Helen Battles Sawyer Hogg, University of Toronto: Web.
  10. ↑ Archived copy at WebCite (November 22, 2005).

External links

Obituaries

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