Higher local field

In mathematics, a higher (-dimensional) local field is an important example of a complete discrete valuation field. Such fields are also sometimes called multi-dimensional local fields. The concept was introduced by A. N. Parshin and K. Kato in the 1970s.^[1]

On the usual local fields (typically completions of number fields or the quotient fields of local rings of algebraic curves) there is a unique surjective discrete valuation (of rank 1) associated to a choice of a local parameter of the fields, unless they are archimedean local fields such as the real numbers and complex numbers. Similarly, there is a discrete valuation of rank n on almost all n-dimensional local fields, associated to a choice of n local parameters of the field.^[2] In contrast to one-dimensional local fields, higher local fields have a sequence of residue fields.^[3] There are different integral structures on higher local fields, depending how many residue fields information one wants to take into account.^[3]

Geometrically, higher local fields appear via a process of localization and completion of local rings of higher dimensional schemes.^[3] Higher local fields are an important part of the subject of higher dimensional number theory, forming the appropriate collection of objects for local considerations.

Definition

Any complete discrete valuation field has a (possibly infinite) complete discrete valuation dimension, which can be defined inductively as follows. Finite fields have dimension 0 and complete discrete valuation fields with finite residue field have dimension one (it is natural to also define archimedean local fields such as R or C to have dimension 1), then we say a complete discrete valuation field has dimension n if its residue field has dimension n−1. Higher local fields are those of dimension greater than 1, it is clear that one-dimensional local fields are the traditional local fields. We call the residue field of a finite-dimensional higher local field the 'first' residue field, its residue field is then the second residue field, and the pattern continues until we reach a finite field.^[3]

Examples

Two-dimensional local fields are divided into the following classes:

• Fields of positive characteristic, they are formal power series in variable u over a one-dimensional local field, i.e. F_q((u))((v)).
• Equi-characteristic fields of characteristic zero, they are formal power series F((u)) over a one-dimensional local field F of characteristic zero.
• Mixed-characteristic fields, they are finite extensions of fields of type F{{t}}, F is a one-dimensional local field of characteristic zero. This field is defined as the set of formal power series, infinite in both directions, with coefficients from F such that the minimum of the valuation of the coefficients is an integer, and such that the valuation of the coefficients tend to zero as their index goes to minus infinity.^[3]
• Archimedean two-dimensional local fields, which are formal power series over the real numbers R or the complex numbers C.

Constructions

Higher local fields appear in a variety of contexts. A geometric example is as follows. Given a surface over a finite field of characteristic p, a curve on the surface and a point on the curve, take the local ring at the point. Then, complete this ring, localise it at the curve and complete the resulting ring. Finally, take the quotient field. The result is a two-dimensional local field over a finite field.^[3]

There is also a construction using commutative algebra, which becomes technical for non-regular rings. The starting point is a Noetherian, regular, n-dimensional ring and a full flag of prime ideals such that their corresponding quotient ring is regular. A series of completions and localisations take place as above until an n-dimensional local field is reached.^[4]

Topology

One-dimensional local fields are usually considered in the valuation topology, in which the discrete valuation is used to define open sets. This will not suffice for higher dimensional local fields, since one needs to take into account the topology at the residue level too. Higher local fields can be endowed with appropriate topologies which address this issue. Such topologies are not the topologies associated with discrete valuations of rank n, if n > 1. In dimension two and higher the additive group of the field becomes a topological group which is not locally compact and the base of the topology is not countable. The most surprising thing is that the multiplication is not continuous, however, it is sequentially continuous which suffices for all reasonable arithmetic purposes. There are also iterated ind pro approaches to replace topological considerations by more formal ones.^[5]

Measure, integration and harmonic analysis on higher local fields

There is no translation invariant measure on two-dimensional local fields. Instead, there is a finitely additive translation invariant measure defined on the ring of sets generated by closed balls with respect to two-dimensional discrete valuations on the field, and taking values in formal power series R((X)) over reals.^[6] This measure is also countably additive in a certain refined sense. It can be viewed as higher Haar measure on higher local fields. The additive group of every higher local field is non-canonically self-dual, and one can define a higher Fourier transform on appropriate spaces of functions. This leads to higher harmonic analysis. The Fourier transform has a number of features similar to those of the Feynman path integral.^[7]

Class field theory

Local class field theory in dimension one has its analogues in higher dimensions. The appropriate replacement for the multiplicative group becomes the nth Milnor K-group, where n is the dimension of the field, which then appears as the domain of a reciprocity map to the Galois group of the maximal abelian extension over the field. Even better is to work with the quotient of the nth Milnor K-group by its subgroup of elements divisible by any positive integer, this quotient can also be viewed as the maximal separated topological quotient of the K-group endowed with appropriate higher dimensional topology. Higher local class field theory is compatible with class field theory at the residue field level, using the border map of Milnor K-theory to create a commutative diagram involving the reciprocity map on the level of the field and the residue field.^[8]

Higher local class field theory in positive characteristic was proposed by A.N. Parshin, full higher local class field theory was developed by Kazuya Kato, and an alternative full explicit higher local class field theory was constructed by Ivan Fesenko.^[5]

Higher adeles

Unlike the classical case of dimension one, there are two different adelic structures on arithmetic schemes in dimension two: one of them is of more geometric origin and is well suited for such issues as the study of 1-cycles, intersection theory, line and vector bundles, etc. Another is of more analytic origin and is well suited for integration and such issues as zeta integrals and the study of the zeta function of the scheme. Interaction between the multiplicative groups of the two adelic structures is part of higher class field theory. Higher local fields participate as components of both higher adeles, the definition of which involves a product over full flags for the scheme.^[9]

Notes

References

• Fesenko, Ivan B.; Vostokov, Sergei V. (2002), Local fields and their extensions, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, 121 (Second ed.), Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-3259-2, MR 1915966, Zbl 1156.11046 
• Fesenko, Ivan B.; Kurihara, Masato, eds. (2000), Invitation to Higher Local Fields. Extended version of talks given at the conference on higher local fields, Münster, Germany, August 29–September 5, 1999, Geometry and Topology Monographs, 3 (First ed.), University of Warwick: Mathematical Sciences Publishers, doi:10.2140/gtm.2000.3, ISSN 1464-8989, Zbl 0954.00026 
• Osipov, Denis V. (2008), "n-dimensional local fields and adeles on n-dimensional schemes", in Young, Nicholas; Choi, Yemon, Surveys in contemporary mathematics, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 347, Cambridge University Press, pp. 131–164, ISBN 978-0-521-70564-6, Zbl 1144.11078