His Eminence
(Portrait of Roman Catholic Cardinal Bernardino Spada by Guido Reni, c. 1631.)
His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.", oral address Your Eminence or Most Reverend Eminence) is a historical style of reference for high nobility, still in use in various religious contexts.
Catholicism
The style remains in use as the official style or standard of address in reference to a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, reflecting his status as a Prince of the Church.
A longer, and more formal, title is "His (or Your when addressing the cardinal directly) Most Reverend Eminence".[a]
Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are also cardinals may be addressed as "His Eminence" or by the style particular to Eastern Catholic patriarchs, His Beatitude.
When the Grand Master of the Military Order of the Knights of Malta, the head of state of their sovereign territorial state comprising the island of Malta until 1797, who had already been made a Reichsfürst (i.e., prince of the Holy Roman Empire) in 1607, became (in terms of honorary order of precedence, not in the actual church hierarchy of ordained ministers) the most senior official after the most junior member of the Cardinals in 1630, he was also awarded the hybrid style His Most Eminent Highness (abbreviation HMEH); to recognize his status as a type of prince of the Church.[1] The Prince and Grand Master of the contemporary Sovereign Military Order of Malta is still syled His Most Eminent Highness.
While the term is shunned by many individuals of other faiths or denominations of Christianity, the title is officially maintained in international diplomacy without regard for its doctrinal, philosophical and theological origins.
Orthodox Christianity
Archbishops in the Eastern Orthodox Church are addressed with the styles of "Beatitude" or "Eminence". The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is styled "His All-Holiness", and so is, exceptionally, the Metropolitan Bishop of Thessaloniki. The patriarchs of Alexandria, Antiochia and Jerusalem, as well as the Georgian, Serbian, Bulgarian and Russian patriarchs are referred to as "His Holiness", while Romanian Patriarchs are referred to as "His Beatitude".
In Oriental Orthodoxy bishops holding the rank of metropolitan are referred to as "His Eminence". The Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia is addressed as "His Beatitude".
Other religions
It is also used, informally (perhaps as a rendering of an oriental style), in Islam for highly honorable religious leaders. For example, an Imam of the Sunni Barelwi school of thought, Moulana Syed Madani Mia, is often addressed with this title, along with individuals such as Moulana Khushtar Siddiqi of Mauritius, although these titles are, in essence, unofficial. Beyond this, the traditional rulers of the sub-national states of the Fulani, Hausa, Nupe and Kanuri peoples of Nigeria use the style as an alternative to the HRH style that is usually used by the country's royal monarchs, highlighting by so doing their positions as spiritual as well as temporal leaders.
Tsem Tulku Rinpoche, a Tibetan Buddhist tulku of the Gelugpa monastic order who presides over a dharma center in Malaysia, styles himself "H.E." (cf. "H.H." the Dalai Lama).
See also
Notes
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia recommends using this form for ending a formal letter to an Italian cardinal: "Embracing the purple of His Most Reverend Eminence, I am His Eminence's very humble and obedient servant."[2]
References
- ↑ "History of the Order 1099-1999". Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Grand Priory of England. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- ↑ Battandier, Albert (1907). "Ecclesiastical Addresses". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2007-05-06.