Holasteroida
| Holasteroida Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–recent | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Pourtalesia wandeli | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Subclass: | Euechinoidea |
| Infraclass: | Irregularia |
| Superorder: | Atelostomata |
| Order: | Holasteroida Durham & Melville, 1957 |
Holasteroida is an order of irregular sea urchins.
Characteristics
Ceratophysa ceratopyga by A. Agassiz (1881)
These irregular sea urchins are characterized by a particularly marked bilateral symmetry, including for the apical system, which is highly elongated. In some contemporary abyssal groups such as Pourtalesiidae, some species are even bottle-shaped. The mouth (peristome) does not contain an Aristotle's lantern. The anus (periproct) has migrated towards the peripher of the test. The plastron is never amphisternous.[1]
Fossile of Hemipneustes pyrenaicus (Hemipneustidae, Maastrichtian)
Echinosigra amphora (Pourtalesiidae)
This order seems to have appeared at the lower Cretaceous.[1]
List of families
According to World Register of Marine Species :
- Family Hemipneustidae (Lambert, 1917) †
- genus Hemipneustes L. Agassiz, 1835 †
- genus Medjesia Jeffery, 1997 †
- genus Opisopneustes Gauthier, 1889 †
- genus Plesiohemipneustes Smith & Wright, 2003 †
- genus Toxopatagus Pomel, 1883 †
- Sub-order Meridosternata (Lovén, 1883)
- Infra-order Cardiasterina †
- Family Cardiasteridae Lambert, 1917 †
- Family Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917f †
- Family Echinocorythidae Wright, 1857 †
- Family Holasteridae Pictet, 1857 †
- Genus Salvaster Saucède, Dudicourt & Courville, 2012 †
- Infra-order Urechinina
- Family Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907
- Family Carnarechininae Mironov, 1993
- Family Corystusidae Foster & Philip, 1978
- Family Plexechinidae Mooi & David, 1996
- Family Pourtalesiidae A. Agassiz, 1881
- Family Urechinidae Duncan, 1889
- Infra-order Cardiasterina †
- Family Pseudholasteridae (Smith & Jeffery, 2000) †
- genus Eoholaster Solovjev, 1989 †
- genus Giraliaster Foster & Philip, 1978 †
- genus Pseudholaster Pomel, 1883 †
- genus Taphraster Pomel, 1883 †
- Family Stenonasteridae (Lambert, 1922) †
- genus Stenonaster Lambert, 1922 †
References
- 1 2 "Holasteroida". Echinoid Directory.
- Holasteroida at the Natural History Museum
- WoRMS. A. Kroh & R. Mooi, eds. "Holasteroida". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species.
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