Infectobesity

The term "infectobesity" refers to obesity of infectious origin and the emerging field of medical research that studies the relationship between pathogens (disease-causing organisms, such as viruses and bacteria) and weight gain. The term was coined in 2001 by Dr. Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. (Dhurandhar, 2001).

Bacteria

The study of the effect of infectious agents on metabolism is still in its early stages. Gut flora has been shown to differ between lean and obese humans. There is an indication that gut flora in obese and lean individuals can affect the metabolic potential. This apparent alteration of the metabolic potential is believed to confer a greater capacity to harvest energy contributing to obesity. Whether these differences are the direct cause or the result of obesity has yet to be determined unequivocally.[1]

A possible mechanistic explanation linking gut flora to obesity involves short chain fatty acids. Humans are unable to digest complex polysaccharides and rely on gut microbiota to ferment these polysaccharides into short chain fatty acids. In contrast to polysaccharides, humans can use short chain fatty acids as a source of energy.[2] In addition, research in rodents has indicated that the abundance of short chain fatty acids in the gut can affect the blood levels of gut hormones such as GLP-1, GLP-2 and peptide YY. These changes in gut hormone levels have shown to affect glucose tolerance, insulin signaling, intestinal barrier function and have led to weight gain in rodents. Furthermore, administration of antibiotics to rodents alters gut microbiota composition and ensuing changes in gut hormone levels are also detected. These results may provide the mechanistic explanation for the claim that antibiotics can lead to obesity in humans. Yet, whether these findings can be replicated in human studies remains to be seen.[3]

Viruses

An association between viruses and obesity has been found in humans, as well as a number of different animal species. The amount that these associations may have contributed to the rising rate of obesity is yet to be determined.[4]

A fat virus is the popular name for the notion that some forms of obesity in humans and animals have a viral source. The AD-36 adenovirus has been observed to increase the amount of body fat in laboratory animals,[5] an effect that has been duplicated in chickens[6] and monkeys.[7]

Ad-36 is known to cause obesity in chickens, mice, rats, and monkeys. In addition, it was present in 30% of obese humans and 11% of non-obese humans. The prevalence of Ad-36 positivity in lean individuals increased from ∼7% in 1992–1998 to 15–20% in 2002–2009, which paralleled the increase in obesity prevalence.

See also

References

  1. ↑ DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE (April 2008). "Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity". Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic. 83 (4): 460–9. doi:10.4065/83.4.460. PMID 18380992.
  2. ↑ Diamant, M.; Blaak, E. E.; Vos, W. M. (2010). "Do nutrient-gut-microbiota interactions play a role in human obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes?". Obesity Reviews. 12 (4): 272–281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00797.x.
  3. ↑ Mikkelsen,, Kristian H.; Allin, Kristine H.; Knop, Filip K. (2016). "Effect of antibiotics on gut microbiota, glucose metabolism and bodyweight regulation—a review of the literature". Diabetes Obes Metab. doi:10.1002/dom.12637.
  4. ↑ Falagas ME, Kompoti M (July 2006). "Obesity and infection". Lancet Infect Dis. 6 (7): 438–46. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70523-0. PMID 16790384.
  5. ↑ Whigham, Leah D.; Barbara A. Israel; Richard L. Atkinson (2006). "Adipogenic potential of multiple human adenoviruses in vivo and in vitro in animals". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 290: R190–4. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2005. PMID 16166204.
  6. ↑ Whigham, L.D.; Israel, B.A.; Atkinson, R.L. (2006). "Adipogenic potential of multiple human adenoviruses in vivo and in vitro in animals". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 290 (1): 190–194{{inconsistent citations}}
  7. ↑ Dhurandhar, N.V.; Whigham, L.D.; Abbott, D.H.; Schultz-darken, N.J.; Israel, B.A.; Bradley, S.M.; Kemnitz, J.W.; Allison, D.B.; Atkinson, R.L. (2002). "Human Adenovirus Ad-36 Promotes Weight Gain in Male Rhesus and Marmoset Monkeys 1 2". Journal of Nutrition. 132 (10): 3155–3160. PMID 12368411{{inconsistent citations}}

External links

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