International Ice Patrol

International Ice Patrol

An American coast guard HC-130 on the International Ice Patrol over the Arctic Ocean in the late 1990s.
Objective Monitor icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans for safety purposes.
Date 1914–present
Executed by  United States

The International Ice Patrol is an organization with the purpose of monitoring the presence of icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and reporting their movements for safety purposes. It is operated by United States Coast Guard but is funded by the 13 nations interested in trans-Atlantic navigation. As of 2011 the governments contributing to the International Ice Patrol include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.[1]

The organization was established in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic. The primary mission of the Ice Patrol is to alert any seacraft traveling the great circle shipping lanes between Europe and the major ports of the United States and Canada of the presence of any icebergs there. [2]

History

Founding

From the earliest journeys into the North Atlantic, icebergs have threatened vessels. A review of the history of navigation prior to the turn of the 20th century shows an impressive number of casualties occurred in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. For example, Lady of the Lake sank in 1833 with a loss of 215 people. Between 1882 and 1890, 14 vessels were lost and 40 seriously damaged due to ice. This does not include the large number of whaling and fishing vessels lost or damaged by ice. It took one of the greatest marine disasters of all time to arouse public demand for international cooperative action to deal with this marine hazard. This disaster, the sinking of the RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912, was the prime impetus for the establishment of the International Ice Patrol.

On her maiden voyage from Southampton, England bound for New York, Titanic collided with an iceberg just south of the tail of the Grand Banks and sank in less than three hours. The loss of life was enormous with more than 1,500 of the 2,224 passengers and crew perishing. Titanic, the brand new ship of the White Star Line, was the largest passenger liner of her time displacing 45,000 tons and capable of sustained speed in excess of 22 knots (41 km/h). Loss of Titanic gripped the world with a sobering awareness of an iceberg's potential for tragedy. The sheer dimensions of the Titanic disaster created sufficient public reaction on both sides of the Atlantic to prod reluctant governments into action, producing the first Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention in 1914.

After the Titanic disaster, the U.S. Navy assigned the cruisers USS Chester and USS Birmingham to patrol the Grand Banks of Newfoundland for the remainder of 1912. In 1913, the Navy could not spare ships for this purpose, so the Revenue Cutter Service (forerunner of the United States Coast Guard) assumed responsibility, assigning the USRC Seneca and USRC Miami to conduct the patrol.

At the first International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea, which was convened in London on 12 November 1913, the subject of patrolling the ice regions was thoroughly discussed. The convention signed on 30 January 1914, by the representatives of the world's various maritime powers, provided for the inauguration of an international derelict-destruction, ice observation, and ice patrol service, consisting of vessels, which should patrol the ice regions during the season of iceberg danger and attempt to keep the trans-Atlantic lanes clear of derelicts during the remainder of the year. Due primarily to the experience gained in 1912 and 1913, the United States Government was invited to undertake the management of the triple service, the expense to be defrayed by the 13 nations interested in trans-Atlantic navigation.

The second International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea was convened in London on 16 April 1929. Eighteen nations participated, all of which signed the final act on 31 May 1929. Because of the fear in the United States Senate as a result of ambiguities in Article 54 dealing with control, the 1929 convention was not ratified by the United States until 7 August 1936, and even then the ratification was accompanied by three reservations. At the same time, Congress enacted legislation on 25 June 1936, formally requiring the Commandant of the Coast Guard to administer the International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service (Chap. 807, para. 2 49 USC 1922) and describing in general fashion the manner in which this service was to be performed. With only minor changes, this remains today as the basic Coast Guard authority to operate the International Ice Patrol. Since 1929, there have been three SOLAS conventions (1948, 1960 & 1974). None of these have recommended any basic change affecting the Ice Patrol.

Every year since 1914, the United States Coast Guard and the International Ice Patrol lay a wreath from a ship or an aircraft at the site of the Titanic disaster on 15 April. The solemn ceremony is attended by the craft's crew and a dedication statement to the Titanic and her lost passengers is read.[3] [4] [5]

Administration

From its inception until the beginning of World War II, the Ice Patrol was conducted from two surface patrol cutters alternating surveillance patrols of the southern ice limits. In 1931 and thereafter a third ship was assigned to Ice Patrol to perform oceanographic observations in the vicinity of the Grand Banks. After World War II, aerial surveillance became the primary ice reconnaissance method with surface patrols phased out except during unusually heavy ice years or extended periods of reduced visibility. Use of the oceanographic vessel continued until 1982, when the Coast Guard's sole remaining oceanographic ship, USCGC Evergreen, was converted to a medium endurance cutter. The aircraft has distinct advantages for ice reconnaissance providing much greater coverage in a relatively short period of time.

From 1946 until 1966, the Ice Patrol offices, operations center and reconnaissance aircraft were based at the Coast Guard Air Detachment Argentia, Newfoundland during the ice season.

Due to changing operational commitments and financial constraints the Coast Guard Argentia Air Detachment closed in 1966. Ice Patrol headquarters and operations center moved to Governors Island, New York[6] where they remained until October 1983.

Today the International Ice Patrol is located at the Coast Guard Research and Development Center in New London, Connecticut. The ice reconnaissance detachment, usually composed of eleven aircrew and four ice observers flying in a HC-130 aircraft, continues to work out of Newfoundland.

The Ice Patrol disseminates information on icebergs and the limit of all known sea ice via radio broadcast from Coast Guard radio station NIK at COGARD CAMSLANT CHESAPEAKE, via Inmarsat Safetynet, and radio facsimile chart. Ice Patrol information is also available via http Internet access. 2002 changes to SOLAS requires ships transiting the region guarded by the Ice Patrol to use the services provided during the ice season.

The current commander, since August 2013, is Commander Gabrielle McGrath, USCG. She relieved Commander Lisa Mack, USCG who was commander from June 2010 to August 2013. [7]

Aviation history of the International Ice Patrol

References

  1. ↑ http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/iip/2011_IIP_Annual_Report.pdf
  2. ↑ A.J. Panian. "Yough graduate steps into titanic role". Pittsburgh Tribune Review, 4 Sep 2007. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_525593.html pittsburghlive.com], accessed 19 Sep 2007.
  3. ↑ "USCG Marks 99th Anniversary of Titanic Sinking", boston.com, Associated Press (New London, Connecticut), 15 April 2011.
  4. ↑ From Steamboat Inspection Service to U.S. Coast Guard: Marine Safety in the United States from 1838 - 1946. U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/VoulgarisMarineSafety2009.pdf Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  5. ↑ Coast Guard Polar, Arctic & Other Ice Operations. Image: A memorial service for the RMS Titanic, held on board a Coast Guard cutter, sometime during the 1920s. U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office http://www.uscg.mil/history/iceindex.asp Retrieved: 6 August 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Osmer, Stephen R., LTJG USCG "The Aerial Ice Patrol: No More Titanicss" United States Naval Institute Proceedings March 1976 pp. 103-104
  7. ↑ U.S. Coast Guard Newsroom. The U.S. Coast Guard's official media relations site. News Release: COAST GUARD INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL HOLDS CHANGE OF COMMAND CEREMONY Dated: 1 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014
  8. ↑ U.S. Coast Guard Aviation History, uscgaviationhistory.aoptero.org
  9. ↑ U.S. Coast Guard Aviation History. uscgaviationhistory.aoptero.org
  10. ↑ U.S. Coast Guard Firsts, Lasts and/or Record Setting Achievements. uscg.mil
  11. ↑ U.S. Department of Homeland Security. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/USCGPolarIceOpsChron.pdf Retrieved 2012-01-12.

External links

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