Jack (playing card)

Jack cards of all four suits in the Rouennais pattern

A Jack or Knave is a playing card which, in traditional French and English decks, pictures a man in the traditional or historic aristocratic dress generally associated with Europe of the 16th or 17th century. The usual rank of a Jack, within its suit, plays as if it were an 11 (that is, between the 10 and the Queen). As the lowest face (or "court") card, the Jack often represents a minimum standard — for example, many poker games require a minimum hand of a pair of Jacks ("Jacks or better") in order to continue play.

History

Knave of Coins from the oldest known European deck (c.1390–1410).

The earliest predecessor of the knave was the thānī nā'ib (Second or Under-Deputy) in the Mamluk card deck. This was the lowest of the three court cards and like all court cards was depicted through abstract art or calligraphy. When brought over to Italy and Spain, the thānī nā'ib was made into an infantry soldier or page ranking below the Knight card. In France, where the card was called the Valet, the Queen was inserted between the King and Knight. The Knight was subsequently dropped out of non-Tarot decks leaving the Valet directly under the Queen. The King-Queen-Valet format then made its way into England.

As early as the mid-16th century the card was known in England as the Knave (meaning a male servant of royalty). Although "Jack" was in common usage to designate the "Knave", the term became more entrenched when, in 1864,^[1] American cardmaker Samuel Hart published a deck using "J" instead of "Kn" to designate the lowest-ranking court card. The Knave card had been called a Jack as part of the terminology of the game All Fours since the 17th century, but this usage was considered common or low class. However, because the card abbreviation for Knave was so close to that of the King ("Kn" versus "K"), the two were easily confused. This confusion was even more pronounced after the markings indicating suits and rankings were moved to the corners of the card, a move which enabled players to "fan" a hand of cards without obscuring the individual suits and ranks. The earliest deck known of this type is from 1693, but such positioning did not become widespread until reintroduced by Hart in 1864, together with the Knave-to-Jack change. Books of card games published in the third quarter of the 19th century still referred to the "Knave", however, a term that is still recognized in the United Kingdom. (Note the exclamation by Estella in Charles Dickens's novel Great Expectations: "He calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy!")

Representations

In the English pattern,^[2] the Jack and the other face cards represent no one in particular,^[3] in contrast to the historical French practice, in which each court card is said to represent a particular historical or mythological personage. The Valets in the Paris pattern have traditionally been associated with such figures as Ogier the Dane (a knight of Charlemagne and legendary hero of the chansons de geste) for the Jack of Spades;^[4] La Hire (French warrior) for the Jack of Hearts; Hector (mythological hero of the Iliad) for the Jack of Diamonds; and Lancelot or Judas Maccabeus for the Jack of Clubs.^[5][6]

In some southern Italian decks, there are androgynous knaves that are sometimes referred to as maids. In the Sicilian Tarot deck, the knaves are unambiguously female and are also known as maids.^[7] As this deck also includes Queens, it is the only traditional set to survive into modern times with two ranks of female face cards. This pack may have been influenced by the obsolete Portuguese deck which also had female knaves. Also, the modern Mexican pattern has female knaves.^[8]

Poetry

The figure of the Jack has been used in many literary works throughout history. Among these is one by 17th-century English writer Samuel Rowlands. The Four Knaves is a series of Satirical Tracts, with Introduction and Notes by E. F. Rimbault, upon the subject of playing cards. His "The Knave of Clubbs: Tis Merry When Knaves Meet" was first published in 1600, then again in 1609 and 1611. In accordance with a promise at the end of this book, Rowlands went on with his series of Knaves, and in 1612 wrote "The Knave of Harts: Haile Fellowe, Well Meet", where his "Supplication To Card-Makers" appears,^[9] thought to have been written to the English manufacturers who copied to the English decks the court figures created by the French.

Example cards

The cards shown here are from a Paris pattern deck (where the rank is known as the "Valet"), and include the historical and mythological names associated with them. The English pattern of the Jacks can be seen in the photo at the top of the page.

• 
  Jack of spades: Ogier
• 
  Jack of hearts: La Hire
• 
  Jack of diamonds: Hector
• 
  Jack of clubs: Lancelot

A trickster figure

The Jack, traditionally the lowest face card, has often been promoted to a higher or the highest position in the traditional ranking of cards, where the Ace or King generally occupied the first rank. This is seen in the earliest known European card games, such as Karnöffel, as well as in more recent ones such as Euchre. Games with such promotion include:

See also

• List of poker hand nicknames
• One-eyed jack
• "The Jack", a song by AC/DC, in which the playing card is a metaphor for a sexually transmitted disease
• The Knave of Hearts, a character in Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"
• The Jack of Diamonds, a group of artists founded in 1909 in Moscow
• "Jack of Diamonds," a traditional folk song
• Jack of Diamonds, the title used by George de Sand in the 1994 anime Mobile Fighter G Gundam
• Knave of Hearts, a 1954 film directed by René Clément
• The Jack of Hearts (Jack Hart), a Marvel Comics superhero
• The Jack of Hearts, a 1919 short Western film
• "Lily, Rosemary and the Jack of Hearts," a song by Bob Dylan
• Pub (trans. The Jack), an album by Đorđe Balašević.
• "Jack of spades," a song by KRS-One
• "King, Queen, Knave" a novel by Vladimir Nabokov first published in Russian under his pen name, V. Sirin

References

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