Jack Andraka

Jack Andraka

Andraka in 2013
Born Jack Thomas Andraka
(1997-01-08) January 8, 1997
Crownsville, Maryland, U.S.
Residence United States
Nationality American
Fields Cancer research, medical research, invention

Jack Thomas Andraka (born January 8, 1997) is an American inventor, scientist and cancer researcher. He is known for his award-winning work on a potential method for detecting the early stages of pancreatic and other cancers, which he performed while he was a high school student.[1] Andraka enrolled as a freshman at Stanford University for the 2015-2016 academic year.[2]

Career

Research

Andraka talks about his work

Andraka claims to have invented a new type of sensor, similar to diabetic test strips, for early-stage pancreatic cancer screening. This paper sensor measures the level of mesothelin (a suspected cancer biomarker) in a sample to test for the presence of cancer in a patient. Andraka coated strips of filter paper with a mixture of single-walled carbon nanotubes, which made the paper conductive, and antibodies against human mesothelin. Samples containing mesothelin were applied to these paper test strips, and the binding of mesothelin to the antibody was quantified by measuring changes in the electrical properties of the strip.[3]

Andraka claimed that tests on human blood serum obtained from both healthy people and patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (a precursor to pancreatic carcinoma), or pancreatic cancer showed a dose-dependent response. According to him, his method is 168 times faster, 1/26,667th as expensive, and 400 times more sensitive than ELISA, 25% to 50% more accurate than the CA19-9 test,[4] and over 90 percent accurate in detecting the presence of mesothelin.[5]

He has applied for a patent [6] for his method of sensing pancreatic cancer and is communicating with companies about developing an over-the-counter test.[1] According to Susan Desmond-Hellmann, oncologist and former chancellor of UCSF, any practical usefulness of the test remains to be seen. Much more testing, possibly over several years, is needed to demonstrate that the test can catch cases early and reliably enough.[7]

Criticism

A 2011 article published by Sharon et al.[8] refutes many of Andraka's claims about specificity of using mesothelin as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Specifically, the group showed that mesothelin serum levels in healthy donors were not statistically different from serum levels in pancreatic cancer patients. Dr. Ira Paston, who discovered mesothelin, has commented "It makes no scientific sense. I don't know anybody in the scientific community who believes his findings."[9] George M. Church, professor of genetics at Harvard University, has raised concerns about the cost, speed, and sensitivity claims.[7]

The novelty of Andraka's work has also been questioned. In 2005 (seven years before Andraka won the Intel ISEF), a group of researchers at Jefferson Medical College and the University of Delaware reported a carbon-nanotube based sensor for use in breast cancer diagnostics that uses a methodology nearly identical to Andraka's purportedly novel methodology.[10][11] In addition, a carbon-nanotube based sensor similar to Andraka's was reported in 2009 by Wang et al., a group of researchers at Jiangnan University and University of Michigan,[12] and a carbon-nanotube based sensor for applications in cancer diagnosis was reported in a 2008 paper by Shao et al. that used a methodology similar to Andraka's.[13]

A "World Patent" (under the Patent Cooperation Treaty) was filed by Andraka in 2012[6] which resulted in a preliminary search to determine patentability.[14] The examination found "a lack of inventive step" [15] and prior art in US Patents 7824925 and 8110369. No subsequent patent has been filed in any of the patent offices under the PCT and a "Code 122" (European Patent not filed) was issued on June 3, 2015.[6]

While being an advocate for open access, he was criticized for not publishing his discovery openly for anyone to use and build upon, and moreover filing a patent[1] for it.

Background

Andraka in an interview with Francis Collins on open access.

Andraka learned from the work of many previous scientists that one reason for the poor survival rate from pancreatic cancer was the lack of early detection and an effective screening method.[4] According to his account, his teenage optimism left him undeterred, and he went on to consult "a teenager's two best friends: Google and Wikipedia",[16] also drawing upon content from YouTube.[17] He began to think of various ways of detecting and preventing cancer growth and terminating the growth before the cancer cells become invasive.

In an interview with the BBC, Andraka said the idea for his pancreatic cancer test came to him while he was in biology class at North County High School, drawing on the class lesson about antibodies and the article on analytical methods using carbon nanotubes he was surreptitiously reading in class at the time.[1] Afterward he followed up with more research on nanotubes and cancer biochemistry aided by free online scientific journals. He then contacted 200 professors at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institutes of Health with a plan, a budget, and a timeline for his project, hoping to receive laboratory help. He received 199 rejection emails before he got a positive reply from Anirban Maitra, Professor of Pathology, Oncology, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.[3]

Appearances

In October 2013, Andraka appeared as a guest on The Colbert Report.[18]

Personal life and family

Jack Andraka was born in Crownsville, Maryland and is of Polish ancestry.[19] He has given a number of accounts of what inspired him to work on pancreatic cancer, including the death of a family friend whom he described as almost an uncle.[20][21][22][23] These various narratives have been told by him as recently as his talk in TEDx Nijmegen 2013.[24]

Andraka at Capital Pride in 2014

Andraka has been openly gay since he was 13.[25][25][26][27] When asked to be interviewed about his sexual orientation, Andraka responded, "That sounds awesome! I’m openly gay and one of my biggest hopes is that I can help inspire other LGBT youth to get involved in STEM [Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics]. I didn't have many [gay] role models [in science] besides Alan Turing."[26]

He likes white-water kayaking and is a former member of the National Junior Wildwater Team, folds origami, and enjoys watching Glee and Bones.[28] He notes: "I suppose I'd want [people] to know I'm not a complete nerd. I actually get out and stuff. I go kayaking. I'm not the creepy guy that wears big glasses and hides out in the corner."[25]

Andraka's father, Steve, is a civil engineer and his mother, Jane, is an nurse anesthetist. She told the Sun "... we're not a super-athletic family. We don't go to much football or baseball. Instead we have a million [science] magazines [and] sit around the table and talk about how people came up with their ideas and what we would do differently."[29]

Andraka's older brother, Luke, won $96,000 in prizes at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in 2010 with a project that examined how acid mine drainage affected the environment. In 2011, Luke won an MIT THINK Award which recognizes students whose science projects benefit their communities.[21]

Awards and recognition

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "US teen invents advanced cancer test using Google". BBC. August 20, 2012.
  2. ↑ Stevenson, Seth (November 3, 2015). "Jack Andraka's Parents on Raising a Science Whiz Kid". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Tucker, Abigail. "Jack Andraka, the Teen Prodigy of Pancreatic Cancer". Smithsonian magazine. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  4. 1 2 Andraka, Jack. "A Novel Paper Sensor for the Detection of Pancreatic Cancer". ME028 (Andraka). Society for Science & the Public. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Innovative Cancer Test Garners Gordon E. Moore Award". Intel.
  6. 1 2 3 "Sensors for detection of mesothelin WO 2013172866 A3".
  7. 1 2 Herper, Matthew (January 8, 2014). "Why Biotech Whiz Kid Jack Andraka Is Not On The Forbes 30 Under 30 List". Forbes.
  8. ↑ Serum mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor in pancreatic and biliary cancers. E Sharon, J Zhang, K Hollevoet, S M Steinberg, I Pastan, M Onda, J Gaedcke, B M Ghadimi, T Ried, R Hassan. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012 April;50(4):721-5. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2011.816. , PMID 22149739
  9. ↑ Bryant, Nick. "The prodigy invention". The Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  10. ↑ "Researchers combine nanotubes and antibodies to detect cancer". Retrieved 2015-09-25.
  11. ↑ "Student Science". apps2.societyforscience.org. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
  12. ↑ Simple, Rapid, Sensitive, and Versatile SWNT-Paper Sensor for Environmental Toxin Detection Competitive with ELISA. L Wang, W Chen, D Xu, B Shim, Y Zhu, F Sun, L Liu, C Peng, Z Jin, C Xu, N.A. Kotov. School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Lab of the Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University; Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan. 2009 Dec;9(12):4147–4152. doi: 10.1021/nl902368r. , PMID 19928776
  13. ↑ Shao, Ning, Eric Wickstrom, and Balaji Panchapakesan. "Nanotube–antibody Biosensor Arrays for the Detection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells." Nanotechnology 19.46 (2008): 465101. , PMID 21836232
  14. ↑ "US2012068589 SENSORS FOR DETECTION OF MESOTHELIN". patentscope.wipo.int. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
  15. ↑ "WO2013172866.pdf" (PDF). patentscope.wipo.int. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
  16. ↑ "US teenager Jack Andraka develops $5 test to detect pancreatic cancer". news.com.au. AFP. February 28, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Jack Andraka's Recipe to Make a Difference in the World: YouTube, Google, Wikipedia, a Laboratory, and an Amazing Mentor". American Society for Clinical Pathology. October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  18. ↑ Baum, Stephanie (October 31, 2013). "Jack Andraka talks innovation, open access & life as a teen scientist on Colbert Report". Medcitynews.com. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
  19. ↑ http://www.polishamericancenter.org/PANews/August12/page01.pdf
  20. ↑ WSJ interview "Intel Science Winner Develops Cancer Tech" Check |url= value (help). Wall Street Journal Live. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  21. 1 2 3 Burris, Joe (May 24, 2012). "North County student wins Intel Science Fair's top prize". Baltimore Sun.
  22. ↑ Damien Gayle (January 29, 2013). "Did this 15-year-old just change the course of medicine? Schoolboy invents early test for pancreatic cancer that killed Steve Jobs". Daily Mail. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  23. ↑ Dr. Richard Besser (June 21, 2012). "Boy Invents Cancer Test". ABC News.
  24. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nW7_cDU7Idk
  25. 1 2 3 Riley, John (August 29, 2013). "Maryland's Gay Wunderkind". MetroWeekly, Washington, D.C.'s Gay & Lesbian News Magazine.
  26. 1 2 Stuart, Wilber. "Standing on the Right Side of History: 16 Year Old Jack Andraka Is 'The Edison Of Our Times'". New civil rights movement. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  27. ↑ Edwardes, Charlotte (June 14, 2013). "He's 16, still in braces and by the way he's invented a test for cancer". London Evening Standard.
  28. ↑ Riley, John (August 29, 2013). "Wait, Did This 15-Year-Old From Maryland Just Change Cancer Treatment?". Forbes.
  29. ↑ Joe Burris (May 24, 2012). "North County Student Wins Intel Prize". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  30. ↑ http://www.scribd.com/doc/230251929/42ND-JEFFERSON-AWARDS-CELEBRATE-THE-IMPACT-OF-PUBLIC-SERVICE#scribd
  31. ↑ "2015 Coca-Cola Scholars".
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