Jesse James

For other uses, see Jesse James (disambiguation).
Jesse James

Jesse James c. 1882
Born Jesse Woodson James
(1847-09-05)September 5, 1847
Kearney, Missouri, U.S.
Died April 3, 1882(1882-04-03) (aged 34)
St. Joseph, Missouri, U.S.
39°45′28″N 94°50′39″W / 39.757813°N 94.844087°W / 39.757813; -94.844087 (Site of fatal shot killing Jesse James)
Nationality United States/Confederate States
Occupation Criminal
Years active 1866–1882
Known for Bank and train robberies
Spouse(s) Zerelda Mimms
Children Jesse E. James, Mary James Barr
Parent(s) Robert S. James, Zerelda Cole James

Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, guerrilla, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Jesse and his brother Frank James were Confederate guerrillas or bushwhackers during the Civil War. They were accused of participating in atrocities committed against Union soldiers, including the Centralia Massacre. After the war, as members of various gangs of outlaws, they robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains.

The James brothers were most active as members of their own gang from about 1866 until 1876, when as a result of their attempted robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, several members of the gang were captured or killed. They continued in crime for several years, recruiting new members, but were under increasing pressure from law enforcement. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was killed by Robert Ford, a member of his own gang who hoped to collect a reward on James' head. Already a celebrity when he was alive, James became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death.

Despite popular portrayals of James as an embodiment of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, there is no evidence that he and his gang shared their loot from the robberies they committed.[1] Scholars usually place his actions in the context of regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the Civil War rather than a manifestation of alleged economic justice or of frontier lawlessness.[2]

Early life

Jesse James' farm in Kearney

Jesse Woodson James was born in Clay County, Missouri, near the site of present-day Kearney, on September 5, 1847. This area of Missouri was settled by many Southerners and became known as Little Dixie. Jesse James had two full siblings: his older brother, Alexander Franklin "Frank" James, and a younger sister, Susan Lavenia James.

His father, Robert S. James, was a commercial hemp farmer and Baptist minister in Kentucky, who migrated to Bradford, Missouri, after marriage and helped found William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri.[2] He was prosperous, acquiring six slaves and more than 100 acres (0.40 km2) of farmland. Robert James traveled to California during the Gold Rush to minister to those searching for gold;[3] he died there when Jesse was three years old.[4]

After Robert James' death, his widow Zerelda remarried twice, first to Benjamin Simms in 1852 and then in 1855 to Dr. Reuben Samuel, who moved into the James' home. Jesse's mother and Reuben Samuel had four children together: Sarah Louisa, John Thomas, Fannie Quantrell, and Archie Peyton Samuel.[3][5] Zerelda and Reuben Samuel acquired a total of seven slaves, who served mainly as farmhands in tobacco cultivation.[5][6]

Historical context

The approach of the American Civil War loomed large in the James-Samuel household. Missouri was a border state, sharing characteristics of both North and South, but 75% of the population was from the South or other border states.[3] Clay County was in a region of Missouri later dubbed "Little Dixie," as it was a center of migration from the Upper South. Farmers raised the same crops and livestock as in the areas they migrated from. They brought slaves with them and purchased more according to their needs. The county counted more slaveholders, who held more slaves, than other regions of the state. Aside from slavery, the culture of Little Dixie was Southern in other ways as well. This influenced how the population acted during and for a period of time after the American Civil War. In Missouri as a whole, slaves accounted for only 10 percent of the population, but in Clay County they constituted 25 percent.[7]

After the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, Clay County became the scene of great turmoil, as the question of whether slavery would be expanded into the neighboring Kansas Territory came to dominate public life. Numerous people from Missouri migrated to Kansas to try to influence its future. Much of the tension that led up to the Civil War centered on the violence that erupted in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery militias.[6][8]

American Civil War

Jesse James as a young man

After a series of campaigns and battles between conventional armies in 1861, guerrilla warfare gripped Missouri, waged between secessionist "bushwhackers" and Union forces which largely consisted of local militia organizations, known as "jayhawkers". A bitter conflict ensued, resulting in an escalating cycle of atrocities committed by both sides. Confederate guerrillas murdered civilian Unionists, executed prisoners, and scalped the dead. Union forces enforced martial law with raids on homes, arrests of civilians, summary executions, and banishment of Confederate sympathizers from the state.[9]

The James-Samuel family sided with the Confederates at the outbreak of war.[10] Frank James joined a local company recruited for the secessionist Drew Lobbs Army, and fought at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, though he fell ill and returned home soon afterward. In 1863, he was identified as a member of a guerrilla squad that operated in Clay County. In May of that year, a Union militia company raided the James-Samuel farm, looking for Frank's group. They tortured Reuben Samuel by briefly hanging him from a tree. According to legend, they lashed young Jesse.[3]

Quantrill's Raiders

Frank eluded capture and was believed to have joined the guerrilla organization led by William C. Quantrill. It is thought that he took part in the notorious massacre of some two hundred men and boys in Lawrence, Kansas, a center of abolitionists.[11][12]

Frank James followed Quantrill to Texas over the winter of 1863–1864. In the spring he returned in a squad commanded by Fletch Taylor. After they arrived in Clay County, 16-year-old Jesse James joined his brother in Taylor's group.[3]

In the summer of 1864, Taylor was severely wounded, losing his right arm to a shotgun blast. The James brothers joined the bushwhacker group led by Bloody Bill Anderson. Jesse suffered a serious wound to the chest that summer. The Clay County provost marshal reported that both Frank and Jesse James took part in the Centralia Massacre in September, in which guerrillas killed or wounded some 22 unarmed Union troops; the guerrillas scalped and dismembered some of the dead. The guerrillas ambushed and defeated a pursuing regiment of Major A.V.E. Johnson's Union troops, killing all who tried to surrender (more than 100). Frank later identified Jesse as a member of the band who had fatally shot Major Johnson.[13] As a result of the James brothers' activities, the Union military authorities made their family leave Clay County. Though ordered to move South beyond Union lines, instead they moved across the nearby state border into Nebraska.[14]

After Anderson was killed in an ambush in October, the James brothers separated. Frank followed Quantrill into Kentucky; Jesse went to Texas under the command of Archie Clement, one of Anderson's lieutenants. He is known to have returned to Missouri in the spring.[13] Jesse was shot while trying to surrender when they ran into a Union cavalry patrol near Lexington, Missouri. Jesse James suffered the second of two life-threatening chest wounds.[15][16]

After the Civil War

Jesse and Frank James, 1872
Clay County Savings in Liberty

At the end of the Civil War, Missouri was deeply divided. The conflict split the population into three bitterly opposed factions: anti-slavery Unionists, identified with the Republican Party; the segregationist conservative Unionists, identified with the Democratic Party; and pro-slavery, ex-Confederate secessionists, many of whom were also allied with the Democrats, especially the southern part of the state. The Republican Reconstruction administration passed a new state constitution that freed Missouri's slaves. It temporarily excluded former Confederates from voting, serving on juries, becoming corporate officers, or preaching from church pulpits. The atmosphere was volatile, with widespread clashes between individuals, and between armed gangs of veterans from both sides of the war.[17][18]

Jesse recovered from his chest wound at his uncle's boardinghouse in Harlem, Missouri (north across the Missouri River from the City of Kansas' River Quay [changed to Kansas City in 1889]), where he was tended to by his first cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms, named after Jesse's mother.[13] Jesse and his cousin began a nine-year courtship, culminating in marriage. Meanwhile, his old commander Archie Clement kept his bushwhacker gang together and began to harass Republican authorities.[10]

These men were the likely culprits in the first daylight armed bank robbery in the United States during peacetime,[19] the robbery of the Clay County Savings Association in the town of Liberty, Missouri, on February 13, 1866. This bank was owned by Republican former militia officers who had recently conducted the first Republican Party rally in Clay County's history. One innocent bystander, a student of William Jewell College (which James's father had helped to found), was shot dead on the street during the gang's escape.[20] It remains unclear whether Jesse and Frank took part.

After their later robberies took place and they became legends, there were those who credited them with being the leaders of the Clay County robbery.[13] It has been argued in rebuttal that James was at the time still bedridden with his wound. No concrete evidence has surfaced to connect either brother to the crime, or to rule them out.[21] On June 13, 1866 in Jackson County, Missouri, two jailed members of Quantril's gang were freed by a gang and the jailer killed.[22] It is believed the James Brothers were involved.

This was a time of increasing local violence; Governor Fletcher had recently ordered a company of militia into Johnson County to suppress guerrilla activity.[23] Archie Clement continued his career of crime and harassment of the Republican government, to the extent of occupying the town of Lexington, Missouri, on election day in 1866. Shortly afterward, the state militia shot Clement dead, an event James wrote about with bitterness a decade later.[20][21]

The survivors of Clement's gang continued to conduct bank robberies over the next two years, though their numbers dwindled through arrests, gunfights and lynchings. While they later tried to justify robbing the banks, these were small, local banks with local capital.[24] On May 23, 1867, for example, they robbed a bank in Richmond, Missouri, in which they killed the mayor and two others.[13][25] It remains uncertain whether either of the James brothers took part, although an eyewitness who knew the brothers told a newspaper seven years later "positively and emphatically that he recognized Jesse and Frank James ... among the robbers."[26] In 1868, Frank and Jesse James allegedly joined Cole Younger in robbing a bank at Russellville, Kentucky.

Jesse James did not become well-known, however, until December 7, 1869, when he and (most likely) Frank robbed the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri. The robbery netted little money, but it appears that Jesse shot and killed the cashier, Captain John Sheets, mistakenly believing him to be Samuel P. Cox, the militia officer who had killed "Bloody Bill" Anderson during the Civil War. Cox had earlier been a partner of the firm Ballinger, Cox & Kemper with Gallatin businessman J.M. Kemper whose son William Thornton Kemper, Sr. went on to found two of the largest banks headquartered in Missouri (Commerce Bancshares and UMB Financial Corporation) but the business relationship had dissolved by the time of the robbery.[27] James's self-proclaimed attempt at revenge, and the daring escape he and Frank made through the middle of a posse shortly afterward, put his name in the newspapers for the first time.[28][29][30] An 1882 history of Daviess County said, "The history of Daviess County has no blacker crime in its pages than the murder of John W. Sheets."[31]

State of Missouri vs. Frank & Jesse James including indictment; capias to Clay & Jackson Counties; sheriff's returns; warrant to any sheriff or marshall of the Criminal Court in Missouri. Courtesy of the Missouri State Archives.

The only known civil case involving Frank and Jesse James was filed in the Common Pleas Court of Daviess County in 1870. In the case, Daniel Smoote asked for $223.50 from Frank and Jesse James to replace a horse, saddle, and bridle stolen as they fled the robbery of the Daviess County Savings Bank. The brothers denied the charges, saying they were not in Daviess County on December 7, the day the robbery occurred. Frank and Jesse failed to appear in court, however, and Smoote won his case against them.[32]

The 1869 robbery marked the emergence of Jesse James as the most famous survivor of the former guerrillas. It was the first time he was publicly labeled an "outlaw," as Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden set a reward for his capture.[31] This was the beginning of an alliance between James and John Newman Edwards, editor and founder of the Kansas City Times. Edwards, a former Confederate cavalryman, was campaigning to return former secessionists to power in Missouri. Six months after the Gallatin robbery, Edwards published the first of many letters from Jesse James to the public, asserting his innocence. Over time, the letters gradually became more political in tone, denouncing the Republicans and voicing James' pride in his Confederate loyalties. Together with Edwards's admiring editorials, the letters turned James into a symbol of Confederate defiance of Reconstruction. Jesse James's initiative in creating his rising public profile is debated by historians and biographers, though the tense politics certainly surrounded his outlaw career and enhanced his notoriety.[30][33]

Meanwhile, the James brothers joined with Cole Younger and his brothers John, Jim and Bob, as well as Clell Miller and other former Confederates to form what came to be known as the James-Younger Gang. With Jesse James as the most public face of the gang (though with operational leadership likely shared among the group), the gang carried out a string of robberies from Iowa to Texas, and from Kansas to West Virginia.[34] They robbed banks, stagecoaches and a fair in Kansas City, often in front of crowds, even hamming it up for the bystanders.

On July 21, 1873, they turned to train robbery, derailing the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa, and stealing approximately $3,000 ($51,000 in 2007). For this, they wore Ku Klux Klan masks, deliberately taking on a potent symbol years after the Klan had been suppressed in the South by President Grant's use of the Enforcement Acts. Former rebels attacked the railroads as symbols of threatening centralization.[35]

The James' gang's later train robberies had a lighter touch. In only two train hold-ups did they rob passengers, because James typically limited himself to the express safe in the baggage car. Such techniques reinforced the Robin Hood image that Edwards created in his newspapers, but there's no evidence that the James gang shared any of the robbery money outside their circle.[33]

Pinkertons

The Adams Express Company turned to the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in 1874 to stop the James-Younger gang. The Chicago-based agency worked primarily against urban professional criminals, as well as providing industrial security, such as strike breaking. Because the gang received support by many former Confederate soldiers in Missouri, they eluded the Pinkertons. Joseph Whicher, an agent dispatched to infiltrate Zerelda Samuel's farm, shortly afterwards was found killed. Two others, Captain Louis J. Lull and John Boyle, were sent after the Youngers; Lull was killed by two of the Youngers in a roadside gunfight on March 17, 1874. Before he died, Lull fatally shot John Younger. A deputy sheriff named Edwin Daniels also died in the skirmish.[36][37]

Allan Pinkerton, the agency's founder and leader, took on the case as a personal vendetta. He began to work with former Unionists who lived near the James family farm. On the night of January 25, 1875, he staged a raid on the homestead. Detectives threw an incendiary device into the house; it exploded, killing James's young half-brother Archie (named for Archie Clement) and blowing off one of the arms off the James family's matriarch Zerelda Samuel. Afterward, Pinkerton denied that the raid's intent was arson, but biographer Ted Yeatman located a letter by Pinkerton in the Library of Congress in which Pinkerton declared his intention to "burn the house down."[38][39]

The raid on the family home outraged many. The Missouri state legislature narrowly defeated a bill that praised the James and Younger brothers and offered them amnesty.[10] Allowed to vote and hold office again, former Confederates in the legislature voted to limit reward offers that the governor could make for fugitives. This extended a measure of protection over the James-Younger gang. (Only Frank and Jesse James previously had been singled out for rewards larger than the new limit.)[40][41]

Across a creek and up a hill from the James house was the home of Daniel Askew. He is suspected to have been killed by James or his gang on April 12, 1875. They suspected Askew of cooperating with the Pinkertons in the January 1875 arson of the James house.

Downfall of the gang

Jesse and his cousin Zee married on April 24, 1874, and had two children who survived to adulthood: Jesse Edward James (b. 1875) and Mary Susan James (later Barr) (b. 1879).[42] Twins Gould and Montgomery James (b. 1878) died in infancy. Jesse, Jr., became a lawyer who practiced in Kansas City, Missouri, and Los Angeles, California.[43]

On September 7, 1876, the James-Younger gang attempted a raid on the First National Bank of Northfield, Minnesota the opening day of hunting season in MN. After this robbery and a manhunt, only Frank and Jesse James were left alive and uncaptured.[44] Cole and Bob Younger later stated that they selected the bank because they believed it was associated with the Republican politician Adelbert Ames, the governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction, and Union general Benjamin Butler, Ames' father-in-law and the Union commander of occupied New Orleans. Ames was a stockholder in the bank, but Butler had no direct connection to it.[45]

The gang attempted to rob the bank in Northfield about 2 p.m. on September 7, 1876. To carry out the robbery, the gang divided into two groups. Three men entered the bank, two guarded the door outside, and three remained near a bridge across an adjacent square. The robbers inside the bank were thwarted when acting cashier Joseph Lee Heywood refused to open the safe, falsely claiming that it was secured by a time lock even as they held a bowie knife to his throat and cracked his skull with a pistol butt. Assistant cashier Alonzo Enos Bunker was wounded in the shoulder as he fled out the back door of the bank.

Meanwhile, the citizens of Northfield grew suspicious of the men guarding the door and raised the alarm. The five bandits outside fired in the air to clear the streets, driving the townspeople to take cover and fire back from protected positions. Two bandits were shot dead and the rest were wounded in the barrage. Inside, the outlaws turned to flee. As they left, one shot the unarmed cashier Heywood in the head. Historians have speculated about the identity of the shooter but have not reached consensus.

The gang barely escaped Northfield, leaving two dead companions behind. They killed two innocent victims, Heywood and Nicholas Gustafson, a Swedish immigrant from the Millersburg community west of Northfield. A massive manhunt ensued. It is believed that the gang burned 14 Rice County mills shortly after the robbery.[46] The James brothers eventually split from the others and escaped to Missouri. The militia soon discovered the Youngers and one other bandit, Charlie Pitts. In a gunfight, Pitts died and the Youngers were taken prisoner. Except for Frank and Jesse James, the James-Younger Gang was destroyed.[47][48]

Later in 1876, Jesse and Frank James surfaced in the Nashville, Tennessee, area, where they went by the names of Thomas Howard and B. J. Woodson, respectively. Frank seemed to settle down, but Jesse remained restless. He recruited a new gang in 1879 and returned to crime, holding up a train at Glendale, Missouri (now part of Independence, Missouri),[49] on October 8, 1879. The robbery was the first of a spree of crimes, including the holdup of the federal paymaster of a canal project in Killen, Alabama, and two more train robberies. But the new gang did not consist of battle-hardened guerrillas; they soon turned against each other or were captured, while James grew paranoid to the point where he scared away one of his gang, and it is believed by some that he killed another.

In 1879, the James gang robbed two stores in far western Mississippi, at Washington in Adams County and Fayette in Jefferson County. The gang absconded with $2,000 cash in the second robbery and took shelter in abandoned cabins on the Kemp Plantation south of St. Joseph, Louisiana. A law enforcement posse subsequently attacked and killed two of the outlaws but failed to capture the entire gang. Among the deputies was Jefferson B. Snyder, later a long-serving district attorney in northeastern Louisiana. Jesse James would live another three years until his demise in St. Joseph, northwestern Missouri.[50]

By 1881, with authorities growing suspicious, the brothers returned to Missouri where they felt safer. In November 1881, James moved his family to St. Joseph, Missouri, not far from where he had been born and reared. Frank, however, decided to move to safer territory and headed east to Virginia. They intended to give up crime. The James gang had been greatly reduced in numbers by that time. Some had fled the gang in fear of prosecution, and many of the original members were either dead or in prison.[51][52]

Death

Site at 1318 Lafayette Street, where James was killed. To the right is the top of Patee House, where his widow Zerelda stayed after his death. His house was subsequently moved to the Belt Highway and later to its current location on the Patee House grounds.
Jesse James's home in St. Joseph, where he was shot (currently at the grounds of the Patee House)

With his gang nearly annihilated, James trusted only the Ford brothers, Charley and Robert.[53] Although Charley had been out on raids with James, Bob was an eager new recruit. For protection, James asked the Ford brothers to move in with him and his family. James had often stayed with their sister Martha Bolton and, according to rumor, he was "smitten" with her.[1] By that time, Bob Ford had already conducted secret negotiations with Thomas T. Crittenden, the Missouri governor, to bring in the famous outlaw.[53] Crittenden had made capture of the James brothers his top priority; in his inaugural address he declared that no political motives could be allowed to keep them from justice. Barred by law from offering a sufficiently large reward, he had turned to the railroad and express corporations to put up a $5,000 bounty for each of them.[1]

On April 3, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and James went into the living room before traveling to Platte City for a robbery. From the newspaper, James had just learned of gang member Dick Liddil's confession for participating in Hite's murder, and grew increasingly suspicious of the Fords for never reporting this matter to him. According to Robert Ford, it became clear to him that James had realized they were there to betray him. However, instead of scolding the Fords, James walked across the living room to lay his revolvers on a sofa. He turned around and noticed a dusty picture above the mantle, and stood on a chair to clean it. Robert Ford drew his weapon, and shot the unarmed Jesse James in the back of the head.[54][55][56] James' two previous bullet wounds and partially missing middle finger served to positively identify the body.[13]

The death of Jesse James became a national sensation. The Fords made no attempt to hide their role. Robert Ford wired the governor to claim his reward. Crowds pressed into the little house in St. Joseph to see the dead bandit. The Ford brothers surrendered to the authorities and were dismayed to be charged with first degree murder. In the course of a single day, the Ford brothers were indicted, pleaded guilty, sentenced to death by hanging, and granted a full pardon by Governor Crittenden.[57]

The governor's quick pardon suggested he knew the brothers intended to kill James rather than capture him. The implication that the chief executive of Missouri conspired to kill a private citizen startled the public and added to James' notoriety.[58][59][60]

After receiving a small portion of the reward, the Fords fled Missouri. Sheriff James Timberlake and Marshal Henry H. Craig, who were law enforcement officials active in the plan, took in the majority of the bounty.[61] Later the Ford brothers starred in a touring stage show in which they re-enacted the shooting.[62][63]

Public opinion was divided between those against the Fords for murdering Jesse, and those of the opinion that it had been time for the outlaw to be stopped. Suffering from tuberculosis (then incurable) and a morphine addiction, Charley Ford committed suicide on May 6, 1884, in Richmond, Missouri. Bob Ford operated a tent saloon in Creede, Colorado. On June 8, 1892, Edward O'Kelley went to Creede, loaded a double-barrel shotgun, entered Ford's saloon and said "Hello, Bob" before shooting Bob Ford in the throat, killing him instantly. O'Kelley was sentenced to life in prison, but sentence was subsequently commuted because of a 7,000 signature petition in favor of his release. The governor pardoned him on October 3, 1902.[64]

Jesse James Gravestone - Kearney, Missouri. Courtesy of the Missouri State Archives.

James' original grave was on his family property, but he was later moved to a cemetery in Kearney. The original footstone is still there, although the family has replaced the headstone. James' mother Zerelda Samuel wrote the following epitaph for him: In Loving Memory of my Beloved Son, Murdered by a Traitor and Coward Whose Name is not Worthy to Appear Here.[53] James's widow Zerelda Mimms James died alone and in poverty.

Rumors of survival

Rumors of Jesse James's survival proliferated almost as soon as the newspapers announced his death. Some said that Robert Ford killed someone other than James, in an elaborate plot to allow him to escape justice.[10] These tales have received little credence, then or later. None of James's biographers accepted them as plausible. The body buried in Kearney, Missouri, as Jesse James was exhumed in 1995 and subjected to mitochondrial DNA typing. The report, prepared by Anne C. Stone, Ph.D., James E. Starrs, L.L.M., and Mark Stoneking, Ph.D., stated the mtDNA recovered from the remains was consistent with the mtDNA of one of James's relatives in the female line.[65]

The theme of survival was featured in a 2009 documentary, Jesse James' Hidden Treasure, which aired on the History Channel. The documentary was dismissed as pseudo-history and pseudo-science by historian Nancy Samuelson in a review she wrote for the Winter 2009-2010 edition of The James-Younger Gang Journal.[66]

J. Frank Dalton claimed to be Jesse James; he died August 15, 1951, in Granbury, Texas. Dalton was allegedly 101 years old at the time of his first public appearance, in May 1948. His story did not hold up to questioning from James' surviving relatives.[67]

Legacy

Further information: Social bandits and Robin Hood

James's turn to crime after the end of the Reconstruction era helped cement his place in American life and memory as a simple but remarkably effective bandit. After 1873 he was covered by the national media as part of social banditry.[68] During his lifetime, James was celebrated chiefly by former Confederates, to whom he appealed directly in his letters to the press. Displaced by Reconstruction, the antebellum political leadership mythologized the James Gang exploits. Frank Triplett wrote about James as a "progressive neo-aristocrat" with "purity of race."[69] Some historians credit James' myth as contributing to the rise of former Confederates to dominance in Missouri politics. In the 1880s, both U.S. Senators from the state, former Confederate military commander Francis Cockrell and former Confederate Congressman George Graham Vest, were identified with the Confederate cause.

In the 1880s, after James's death, the James Gang became the subject of dime novels that represented the bandits as pre-industrial models of resistance.[69] During the Populist and Progressive eras, James became a symbol as America's Robin Hood, standing up against corporations in defense of the small farmer, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor. But there is no evidence that he shared the loot of his robberies with anyone other than his gang members; they enjoyed the riches with him.[1]

In the 1950s, James was pictured as a psychologically troubled individual rather than a social rebel. Some filmmakers portrayed the former outlaw as a revenger, replacing "social with exclusively personal motives."[70] While his "heroic outlaw" image is commonly portrayed in films, as well as in songs and folklore, since the late 20th century, historians such as Stiles have classified him as a self-aware vigilante and terrorist who used local tensions to create his own myth among the widespread insurgent guerrillas and vigilantes following the American Civil War.[2]

Jesse James remains a controversial symbol, one who can always be reinterpreted in various ways, according to cultural tensions and needs. Some of the neo-Confederate movement regard him as a hero.[58][71][72] But renewed cultural battles over the place of the Civil War in American history have replaced the long-standing interpretation of James as a Western frontier hero.

Museums

Museums and sites devoted to Jesse James:

Festivals

The Defeat of Jesse James Days in Northfield, Minnesota, is among the largest outdoor celebrations in the state. It is held annually in September during the weekend after Labor Day. Thousands of visitors watch reenactments of the robbery, a championship rodeo, a carnival, performances of a 19th-century style melodrama musical, and a parade during the five-day event.[81]

Jesse James' boyhood home in Kearney, Missouri, is operated as a museum dedicated to the town's most famous resident. Each year a recreational fair, the Jesse James Festival, is held during the third weekend in September.[82]

The annual Victorian Festival in Jersey County, Illinois is held on Labor Day weekend[83] at the 1866 Col. William H. Fulkerson estate Hazel Dell. Festivities include telling Jesse James' history in stories and by reenactments of stagecoach holdups. Over the three-day event, thousands of spectators learn of the documented James Gang's stopover at Hazel Dell and of their connection with ex-Confederate Fulkerson.

Russellville, Kentucky, the site of the robbery of the Southern Bank in 1868, holds the Jesse James International Arts and Film Festival. The JJIAFF completed its second annual event in April 2008 and the third annual was planned for April 25, 2009. The festival has featured a bluegrass band from San Francisco and experimental bands from southern Kentucky as well as painters, sculptors, photographers and comic artists. Children's activities are a mainstay of the festival. A highlight for adults is the film festival held at the Logan County Public Library in Russellville. Past entrants have included films from Norway and northwestern Kentucky, modern silent film projects, nature studies, and fan films.

In addition, the annual Tobacco and Heritage Festival in Russellville features a reenactment of the James-Younger Gang's robbery of the Southern Bank. Today used as a residence, the historic structure on South Main Street has been preserved by the town and county.

The small town of Oak Grove, Louisiana, also hosts a town-wide annual Jesse James Trade Days, usually in the early to mid fall. This is a reference to a short time James supposedly spent near this area.

Cultural depictions

A dime novel featuring Jesse James from 1901.

Literature

The James brothers became a staple in dime novels of the era, peaking in the 1880s following Jesse's death. James has often been used as a fictional character in many Western novels, including some published while he was alive. For instance, in Willa Cather's My Antonia, the narrator reads a book entitled 'Life of Jesse James' - probably referring to a dime novel.

In Charles Portis's 1968 novel, True Grit, the U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn describes fighting with Cole Younger and Frank James for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Long after his adventure with Mattie Ross, Cogburn ends his days in a traveling road show with the aged Cole Younger and Frank James.

During his travel to the "Wilde West," Oscar Wilde visited Jesse James' hometown in Missouri. Learning that James had been assassinated by his own gang member, "...an event that sent the town into mourning and scrambling to buy Jesse's artifacts," and heightened the "romantic appeal of the social outcast" in his mind, Wilde wrote in a letter home that: "Americans are certainly great hero-worshippers, and always take [their] heroes from the criminal classes."[84]

Comics

In 1969, artist Morris and writer René Goscinny (co-creator of Asterix) had Lucky Luke confronting Jesse James, his brother Frank, and Cole Younger. The adventure poked fun at the image of Jesse as a new Robin Hood. Although he passes himself off as such and does indeed steal from the rich (who are, logically, the only ones worth stealing from), he and his gang take turns being "poor," thus keeping the loot for themselves. Frank quotes from Shakespeare, and Younger is portrayed as a fun-loving joker, full of good humor. One critic has likened this version of the James brothers as "intellectuals bandits, who won't stop theorising their outlaw activities and hear themselves talk."[85] In the end, the at-first-cowed people of a town fight back against the James gang and send them packing in tar and feathers.

Music

Main article: Jesse James in music

Stage productions

The musical melodrama "Jesse," written by Bob and Marion Moulton with lyrics by Prairie Home Companion writer/performer Vern Sutton and music by William Huckaby and Donna Paulsen,[86] has since 1976[87] (the centennial of the James-Younger gang's Northfield bank raid) traditionally been performed in Northfield, Minnesota during the town's annual The Defeat of Jesse James Days.[88]

Films

There have been numerous portrayals of Jesse James in film and television,[89] including two wherein Jesse James, Jr. depicts his father. In many of the films, James is portrayed as a Robin Hood-like character.[90]

Television

  • The actor Lee Van Cleef played Jesse James in a 1954 episode of Jim Davis's syndicated television series, Stories of the Century, the first western series to win an Emmy Award.
  • In an episode of The Twilight Zone, "Showdown with Rance McGrew", Jesse James (played by Arch Johnson) confronts McGrew, an actor who stars in a TV western, about the shabby way he and other historical outlaws are portrayed on the program. The episode was written by Rod Serling, and originally aired on February 2, 1962, during The Twilight Zone's third season.[92]
  • The ABC series The Legend of Jesse James aired during the 1965-1966 television season, with Christopher Jones as Jesse, Allen Case as Frank James, Ann Doran as Zerelda Cole James Samuel, Robert J. Wilke as Marshal Sam Corbett, and John Milford as Cole Younger.
  • In the episode of The Brady Bunch entitled "Bobby's Hero" (aired February 2, 1973), Bobby Brady, much to his parents' dismay, has idolized the exploits of Jesse James (played in a dream sequence by Gordon Devol), leading them to try to dissuade him, including tracking down a descendant of one of James' victims to talk to Bobby.
  • In the episode of Little House on the Prairie titled "The Aftermath" (aired November 7, 1977), Jesse (Dennis Rucker) and Frank James (John Bennett Perry) took refuge in Walnut Grove after a failed robbery attempt.
  • In an episode of The Dukes of Hazzard entitled "Go West, Young Dukes" (aired November 16, 1984), a flashback to 1872 shows the main characters' great-grandparents dealing with the James brothers, with Paul Koslo as Jesse and Nick Benedict as Frank.
  • In the American Western series The Young Riders (1989–1992), Jesse James is portrayed by actor Christopher Pettiet. He appeared in 17 episodes.
  • In Episode 33 of Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction in a segment titled "Mysterious Strangers" aired in (2002), a story is told about two men in 1870 who take refuge on a rainy night in an old widow's house. While there they find out that she is about to lose her home to foreclosure. The strangers disappear in the night, leaving her $900 to give to the banker, only to rob the banker of their own money after he retrieved it from the woman the next morning. The strangers, at the end of the story, turn out to be Frank and Jesse James. Beyond Belief purports that the story is documented and true.
  • An episode of Deadliest Warrior which aired on (2010) on "Spike TV" features the Jesse James gang vs. the Al Capone gang. The main weapons used by Jesse James was the Colt .45, the Pistol Whip, the Winchester rifle, and the Bowie Knife. The Jesse James gang came out victorious in the simulated match.
  • In the series premiere of the TV show Pinkertons, the main characters, William Pinkerton and Kate Warne, along with Allen Pinkerton, are contracted to put a stop to railroad money being stolen. A young man involved with the culprits is revealed to be a young Jesse James, who reluctantly flees when the leader tells him to run after a gunfight.

Radio

The killing of Jesse James was depicted on the CBS radio show Crime Classics on July 20, 1953 in the episode entitled "The Death of a Picture Hanger." The episode featured Clayton Post as Jesse James, Paul Frees as Charley Ford, and Sam Edwards as Robert Ford.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hayworth, Wil (September 17, 2007). "A story of myth, fame, Jesse James". Seattle Times. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 7, 12, 16, 26. ISBN 0-8032-5860-7. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  4. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 23–6. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  5. 1 2 Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 26–8. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  6. 1 2 Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 26–55. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  7. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 37–46. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  8. ↑ Hurt, R. Douglas (1992). Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-0854-1.
  9. ↑ Fellman, Michael (1990). Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–143. ISBN 0-19-506471-2.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Andrews, Dale C (June 18, 2013). "Jesse James and Meramec Caverns". Route 66. Washington: SleuthSayers.
  11. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 30–45. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  12. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 61–2, 84–91. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 28–35. ISBN 978-0-8032-5860-0. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  14. ↑ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 140–41. ISBN 978-0-8032-5860-0. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  15. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 48–58, 62–3, 72–5. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  16. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 100–11, 121–3, 136–7, 140–1, 150–4. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  17. ↑ Parrish, William E. (1965). Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865-1870. University of Missouri Press. ASIN B0014QRLJC.
  18. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 149–67. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  19. ↑ "PBS.org Jesse James Bank Robberies". Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  20. 1 2 Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 168–75, 179–87. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  21. 1 2 Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 83–9. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  22. ↑ "Jailer Henry Bugler, Jackson County Sheriff's Office, Missouri". Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  23. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  24. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. p. 238. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  25. ↑ "Deputy Sheriff Frank S. Griffin, Ray County Sheriff's Department". Officer Down Memorial Page. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
  26. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 192–95. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  27. ↑ "Cox, S. P. Maj.". Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  28. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 190–206. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  29. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 91–8. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  30. 1 2 Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-5860-7. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  31. 1 2 "Civil lawsuit against Frank & Jesse James". Daviess County Historical Society. August 30, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  32. ↑ Missouri State Archives. "Frank and Jesse James Court Documents from Daviess County". Missouri Digital Heritage. Missouri Office of the Secretary of State. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
  33. 1 2 Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 207–48. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  34. ↑ Old Campsite of Jesse and Frank James: US 380, approximately 5 miles east of Decatur: Texas marker #3700 - Texas Historical Commission
  35. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 236–238. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  36. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 111–20. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  37. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 249–58. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  38. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 128–44. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  39. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 272–85. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  40. ↑ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 76–84. ISBN 978-0-8032-5860-0. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  41. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 286–305. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  42. ↑ "Monaco, Ralph A., II (2012). ''Son Of A Bandit, Jesse James & The Leeds Gang'' Monaco Publishing,L.L.C.". Sonofabandit.com. ISBN 978-0578104263. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  43. ↑ "Original reference: Los Angeles Times, Orange County Edition, August 25, 2001, Page F2". Ericjames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  44. ↑ "St. Joseph History — Jesse James". St. Joseph, Missouri. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  45. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 324–5. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  46. ↑ "An Inventory of the Northfield (Minnesota) Bank Robbery of 1876: Selected Manuscripts Collection". Mnhs.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  47. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 169–86. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  48. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 326–47. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  49. ↑ "Skillful Detective Work; Another of the James Gang Captured in Missouri". The New York Times. March 19, 1889.
  50. ↑ "Jefferson B. Snyder". New Orleans Times-Picayune, April 15, 1938. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  51. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 193–270. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  52. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 351–73. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  53. 1 2 3 King, Susan (September 17, 2007). "One more shot at the legend of Jesse James". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  54. ↑ "Jesse James Shot Down. Killed By One Of His Confederates Who Claims To Be A Detective". New York Times. April 4, 1882. Retrieved December 9, 2008. A great sensation was erected in this city this morning by the announcement that Jesse James, the notorious bandit and train-robber, had been shot and killed here. The news spread with great rapidity, but most persons received it with doubts until investigation established the fact beyond question.
  55. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 363–75. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  56. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 264–9. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  57. ↑ "Jesse James's Murderers. The Ford Brothers Indicted, Plead Guilty, Sentenced To Be Hanged, And Pardoned All In One Day". New York Times. April 18, 1882. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  58. 1 2 Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 376–81. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  59. ↑ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 270–2. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  60. ↑ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 117–36. ISBN 978-0-8032-5860-0. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  61. ↑ "Feared by Jesse James". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. March 10, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  62. ↑ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 378, 395–95. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  63. ↑ Stiles
  64. ↑ Ries, Judith (1994). Ed O'Kelley: The Man Who Murdered Jesse James' Murderer. Stewart Printing and Publishing Co. ISBN 0-934426-61-9.
  65. ↑ Stone, A. C.; Starrs, J. E.; Stoneking, M. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 46 (1): 173–6. PMID 11210907.
  66. ↑ Leaf Blower (April 2, 2010). "''James-Younger Gang Journal'' pans ''Jesse James' Hidden Treasure''". Ericjames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  67. ↑ Walker, Dale L. Legends and Lies: Great Mysteries of the American West. Forge Books. pp. 87–110. ISBN 0-312-86848-0.
  68. ↑ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-8061-3031-8.
  69. 1 2 Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 0-8061-3031-8.
  70. ↑ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 381–382. ISBN 0-8061-3031-8.
  71. ↑ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 125–55. ISBN 0-8061-3031-8.
  72. ↑ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 149–201. ISBN 978-0-8032-5860-0. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  73. ↑ "Friends of the James Farm". Jessejames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  74. ↑ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  75. ↑ "St. Joseph History - Jesse James Home", City of St. Joseph, Missouri
  76. ↑ "Jesse James Bank Museum". Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  77. ↑ "Bank Site." Northfield Historical Society.
  78. ↑ "Asdee- where Jesse James' ancestors originated-County Kerry, Ireland", 1st Stop County Kerry, accessed June 20, 2008
  79. ↑ Steele, Philip W. "Jesse and Frank James: The Family History". Pelican Publishing, 1987, p. 27.
  80. ↑ Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, Volume 2, edited by: James Patrick Byrne, Philip Coleman, Jason Francis King, pp. 475-476.
  81. ↑ "Defeat of Jesse James Days.". Djjd.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  82. ↑ "Jesse James Festival." JesseJamesFestival.com.
  83. ↑ "Jersey County Victorian Festival." GreatRiverRoad.com.
  84. ↑ Wellington, Jan. "Oscar Wilde's West". Literary Traveler. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  85. ↑ Fans de Lucky Luke website." fandeluckyluke.com. (in French)
  86. ↑ "Lockwood Theater Company". Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  87. ↑ "Jesse James musical returns to Northfield". MinnPost.com. August 31, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  88. ↑ "The Defeat of Jesse James Days Celebration". DJJD Committee, Inc. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  89. ↑ Jesse James at the Internet Movie Database
  90. 1 2 "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford". London: The Times. November 29, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  91. ↑ "Review: Assassination of Jesse James", Eric James website
  92. ↑ Zicree, Marc Scott (1982). The Twilight Zone Companion.

Bibliography

  • Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-506471-2.
  • Settle, William A. Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri'. University of Nebraska Press, 1977. ISBN 0-8032-5860-7.
  • Stiles, T. J. Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  • Yeatman, Ted P. Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-58182-325-8.
  • Quist, B. Wayne, The History of the Christdala Evangelical Swedish Lutheran Church of Millersburg, Minnesota, Dundas, Minnesota, Third Edition, July 2009, page 19-23, The Murder of Nicholaus Gustafson.

Further reading

External links

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