Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary

Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary
IUCN category II (national park)

Indian common sloth bear (Melursus ursinus ursinus)
Map showing the location of Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary

Location in Gujarat, India

Location Banaskantha district, Gujarat,  India
Nearest city Palanpur
Coordinates 24°12′N 72°18′E / 24.2°N 72.3°E / 24.2; 72.3Coordinates: 24°12′N 72°18′E / 24.2°N 72.3°E / 24.2; 72.3
Area 180.66 km2
Established May 1978
Governing body Government of India, Government of Gujarat

Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary is situated in the Banaskantha district formerly under Palanpur State in the Indian state of Gujarat at the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. It was declared as a sanctuary in May 1978, covering an area of about 180 square kilometres (69 sq mi), principally for protection of the sloth bear, which is now categorized as "Vulnerable A2cd+4cd;C1 ver 3.1" on the IUCN Red List. Their numbers are declining in the wild and they are threatened with extinction.[1][2][3][4]

The name "sloth" is said to be the epithet travellers and hunters in India gave to the bear when they saw it hanging upside down from branches of trees and consequently they identified it with sloth, an animal that hangs upside down. While it is now known as sloth bear, initially it was called "bear sloth" since the game hunters identified this species with the sloth of South America as the physical characteristics and arboreal habits of both species matched. Towards the later part of the 18th century, its scientific name was Ursine bradypus, Ursiform sloth or Bradypus ursinus. But when in the early 19th century, a sloth bear, housed in a zoo in France, was examined, scientists identified it correctly as a bear species and thereafter the name was changed from "bear sloth" to "sloth bear".[2][4][5] Jessore hill, which is the back drop to the sanctuary, is also prefixed to form the full name "Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary".[2][4]

Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India, Forest Department of Gujarat, well known Institutes and Universities of the country, stakeholders and local communities in and around the project area have been engaged in Conservation and Sustainable Management of Dryland Biodiversity of North Gujarat under a GEF/UNDP supported project with the objective of conservation of globally significant biodiversity. The two projects identified under the programme, as demonstration project sites were the Jessore and Balaram-Ambaji Sanctuaries. The information gathered under this project in respect of the Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary has enhanced the information base and is expected to help in building local establishments to adopt novel ideas to resolve the threats faced by the sanctuary.[6]

Geography

The sanctuary is located in the Jessore hills of Aravalli hills, to the south of the Thar desert. It was declared a sanctuary covering an area of 180.66 square kilometres (69.75 sq mi) in 1978.[7][8] The sanctuary area lies between the desert ecosystem and the dry deciduous type of ecosystem, and the forested area helps in arresting desertification and advancement of Thar desert.[9]

The nearest airport is Ahmedabad is 190 kilometres (120 mi) away. Nearest Railway station is at Palanpur, 45 kilometres (28 mi) away and Iqbalgarh village is at 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) distance. The Sanctuary also houses two temples (one of them is the Kedarnath Mahadev temple), which are frequented by a large number of pilgrims during October–November, and a protected sacred grove.[7]

Flora and fauna

Flora

The vegetation in the sanctuary consists of arid to semiarid and dry deciduous thorny scrub.[10]

A UNDP sponsored study of the flora of the sanctuary has identified 406 species of plants (90 trees, 47 shrubs, 33 climbers, 194 herbs, 31 grasses, six pteridophytes, two bryophytes, one epiphyte, and two fungi). A further analysis indicates that the families of tree species are 13, shrubs 15, herbs 11 and climbers 13. Some of the species reportedly belong to the threatened category as per IUCN; these are: Pavonia arabica, Tecomella undulata, Capparis cartilaginea, Dendrocalamus strictus, Sterculia urens and silver date palm and Ceropegia odorata, an endangered species. Six endemic species to India recorded are Ogeissus sericea, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Sterculia urens, Tecomella undulata, silver date palm and Dendrocalamus strictus. Further, 89 plants are recorded to have medicinal properties.[6]

However, forest area is reportedly diminishing, and the corridor with hill area forests of Aravalli is also reducing, disrupting the migration of the bears. As a result, forest areas are reported only in patches. Prosopis juliflora called locally as gando baval has become the dominant vegetation affecting spread of local species, growth of goat and cattle population and forest fires; about 40 per cent of the green cover in the lower areas and 20 per cent in hilly regions are covered by this weed.[7][8]

Fauna

Apart from sloth bear, other fauna reported in the sanctuary are leopard, sambar, blue bull, wild boar, porcupine, and a variety of birds. Other endangered species harboured by the sanctuary are jungle cat, civet, caracal, wolf and hyena.[7]

The faunal study by UNDP covered the herpetofaunal group. 14 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded here; the list includes Indian python (Python molurus) an endangered species, Indian flap-shelled turtle (Lissemys punctata) of vulnerable category and muggar (Crocodylus palustris) and Varanus (Varanus bengalensis) of endangered category. Threats faced by these species have been noted as water shortage, traffic, and hunting by snake charmers.[6]

Reptiles found also include cobra, krait, several types of viper and monitor lizard.[7][11]

Avifauna

Studies of avifauna in the sanctuary revealed 105 species, including migratory birds. The list includes: four near threatened category birds comprising grey jungle fowl (Gallus sonneratii), white-bellied minivet (Pericrocotus erythropygus), Indian black ibis (Pseudibis papillosa) and painted stork (Mycturia leucocephala); the vulnerable category (as per IUCN Red List) are white-winged black tit (Parus nuchalis), Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans), Indian white-rumped vulture (Gyps Bengalensis), Indian vulture (Gyps indicus), red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) and red-necked falcon (Falco chicquera).[6]

Mammalian fauna

20 species of mammalian fauna have been identified. Of these Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) and sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) are near threatened and vulnerable respectively.[6]

Sloth bear
Left: common sloth bear (Melursus ursinus ursinus) in India. Right: Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus)

Sloth bear is an animal found in many parts of Asia including Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Two subspecies have been recognized namely, the Indian sloth bear (Melursus ursinus ursinus) and the Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus).[11]

Sloth bear is omnivorous, black and dark brown in colour with an yellowish patch on the chest, has large feet and claws, as tall as 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m), heavy in size (males weigh 175–310 pounds (79–141 kg), females 120–210 pounds (54–95 kg)), runs as fast as humans and has a long muzzle. Their habitats can be dry forest or wet rain forest or grass lands with shrubs trees and stones. They eat insects, their favourite is termites, live on fruits (mangoes and figs), grass and honey. Fifty percent of their diet is fruits during March to June, and termites and other insects the rest of the time. They have high sensory perception. It is the only bear with long hair on the ears. Its life span is estimated as 25 years.[2][5]

Study has established that the sloth bear prefers biodiversity zones in the sanctuary that are rich in fruit trees, such as Ficus glomerata and Diospyros melanoxylon (rich sweet fruits), and the presence of honey, ants, and termites.[6]

Threats

A captive sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) and handler in Pushkar

The threats faced by the sanctuary, and the sloth bear in particular, are: the disappearing forests due to anthropogenic and cattle pressures; destruction of termite hills (source of favourite food for the bear) by humans, capturing for training to perform in circuses (they are popular as "dancing bears"), travelling shows and fairs.[2] Poaching and trade in sloth bears or their parts has also been reported. Even the cubs are captured and removed from the sanctuary.[3]

The UNDP study has also listed threats to avifauna as deterioration of the habitat, overgrazing, quarrying (which causes noise pollution and dust), damage to ground vegetation by the invasive Prosopis juliflora, scarcity of water, hunting, and anthropogenic pressure resulting in habitat destruction.[6]

However, threat from the sloth bears is also reported to people and crops. The human-sloth bear conflict was scientifically examined for one year (between June 2007 and July 2008 in Jessore Sanctuary and also in the Mount Abu Sanctuary, which revealed that there were human casualties due to attack by bears. Thirty such attacks on humans (more on males) in the forest, villages and crop fields were reported during the study period, with summer season recording the maximum number followed by monsoon and winter. Crop damage of varying degree by bears was also reported.[12] This has caused fear among the villagers. However, under these conditions of threat to life and crops, the bears may be killed under the law to protect life or property.[3]

Conservation

Proposals to create a biological corridor of four protected areas in the Aravalli hills as conservation area namely, the Jessore and Balaram Ambaji in Gujarat in Banskantha and Sabarkantha, and Mt. Abu and Fulwar-Ki-Nar in the districts of Udaipur and Sirohi in Rajasthan to be developed as multiple use zones, have been mooted since all these are sanctuaries for sloth bear. Community participation is also suggested in this plan.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Negi, Sharad Singh (1991). Handbook of national parks, sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves in India. Indus Pub. Co.,. p. 86. ISBN 81-85182-59-0. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Haywood, Karen Diane (2008). Bears Endangered! Series. Marshall Cavendish. p. 21. ISBN 0-7614-2987-5.
  3. 1 2 3 Garshelis, D.L.; Ratnayeke S. & Chauhan, N.P.S. (2008). "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 "Wildlife of Gujarat". gujaratplus.com. 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  5. 1 2 "The Sloth Bear" (PDF). Bear Specialist Group. pp. 1–23. Archived from the original (pdf) on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Honey Bee Volume 11 (2) April–June 2000" (pdf). Dry Land Biodiversity: Conservation of Dryland Bio Diversity –An indigenous knowledge based study. Government t of Maharashtra. pp. 14–16. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Lemons, John; Reginald Victor; Daniel Schaffer (2003). Conserving biodiversity in arid regions: best practices in developing nations. Springer. p. 243. ISBN 1-4020-7483-2. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  8. 1 2 "Forest of weeds: Gando baval props up green cover". The Times of India. 2003-06-30. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  9. ↑ "Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary". Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  10. ↑ Pandit BR; Patel Dax; Pandya Ushma. "Ecology". Paper no 0501-153. Bhavnagar University. Archived from the original on 2012-11-18. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  11. 1 2 "Sloth Bear". Arkive: Images of Life on earth. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  12. ↑ "Human-sloth bear conflict in Mount Abu and Jessore Wildlife Sanctuaries and mitigation strategies". Government of India. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  13. ↑ Swaminathan, Dr.R. (2008). Gujarat, perspectives of the future. Academic Foundation. p. 263. ISBN 81-7188-595-0. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
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