Jim Clark

Jim Clark
OBE

Clark in 1965
Born	James Clark, Jr. (1936-03-04)4 March 1936 Kilmany, Fife, Scotland, UK
Died	7 April 1968(1968-04-07) (aged 32) Hockenheimring, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany
Formula One World Championship career
Nationality	British
Active years	1960 – 1968
Teams	Lotus
Entries	73 (72 starts)
Championships	2 (1963, 1965)
Wins	25
Podiums	32
Career points	255 (274)[1]
Pole positions	33
Fastest laps	28
First entry	1960 Dutch Grand Prix
First win	1962 Belgian Grand Prix
Last win	1968 South African Grand Prix
Last entry	1968 South African Grand Prix

James Clark, Jr OBE (4 March 1936 – 7 April 1968), known as Jim Clark, was a British Formula One racing driver from Scotland, who won two World Championships, in 1963 and 1965.

Clark was a versatile driver who competed in sports cars, touring cars and in the Indianapolis 500, which he won in 1965. He was particularly associated with the Lotus marque.

He was killed in a Formula Two motor racing accident in Hockenheim, Germany in 1968. At the time of his death, he had won more Grand Prix races (25) and achieved more Grand Prix pole positions (33) than any other driver. In 2009, The Times placed Clark at the top of a list of the greatest-ever Formula One drivers.^[2]

Early years

James Clark Jr was born into a farming family at Kilmany House Farm, Fife, the youngest child of five, and the only boy. In 1942 the family moved to Edington Mains Farm, near Duns, Berwickshire, in the Borders. He was educated at primary schools, first in Kilmany and then in Chirnside, and then following three years of preparatory schooling at Clifton Hall School near Edinburgh he was sent to Loretto School in Musselburgh, near Edinburgh.

Although his parents were opposed to the idea, Clark started his racing in local road rally and hill climb events driving his own Sunbeam-Talbot, and proved a fearsome competitor right from the start. On 16 June 1956, in his very first event, he was behind the wheel of a DKW sonderklasse at Crimond, Scotland. By 1958, Clark was driving for the local Border Reivers team, racing Jaguar D-types and Porsches in national events, and winning 18 races.

Then on Boxing Day 1958, Clark raced against the man who would launch him to superstardom. Driving a Lotus Elite, he finished second to Colin Chapman in a 10-lap GT race at Brands Hatch.^[3] In 1959 he drove a Lotus Elite, finishing tenth at Le Mans partnered with John Whitmore, and the ex-Bruce Halford Lister Jaguar, winning the Bo'ness Hill Climb.^[4] Chapman was sufficiently impressed to give Clark a ride in one of his Formula Junior cars.

"In March 1960, the first race for the newly introduced Formula Junior took place at Goodwood. The winner was J. Clark (Lotus Ford), from J. Surtees (Cooper B.M.C) with T. Taylor (Lotus Ford) third."^[5]

Clark had made an earlier FJ appearance in a one-off race at Brands Hatch on Boxing Day, 1959, driving a Gemini-B.M.C. for Graham Warner of the Chequered Flag garage, Chiswick.^[6]

Clark and Lotus

Jim Clark made his F1 Grand Prix debut, part-way through the season, at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort on 6 June 1960. "Lotus had lost Surtees, as he had gone to the Isle of Man to do some serious motorcycle racing, so they had Ireland, Stacey and Clark, the last-named being an acceptable substitute."^[7] He retired on lap 49 with final drive failure.

Early in his career in the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix, his second ever Formula One race, at the extremely fast and dangerous Spa-Francorchamps circuit, he got a taste of reality when there were two fatal accidents at that race (Chris Bristow and Alan Stacey). Clark was later quoted as saying in a 1964 interview: "I was driving scared stiff pretty much all through the race", even though he finished 5th and scored his first points finish. The next year, Jim Clark was involved in one of the worst accidents in the history of Formula 1 racing. In the 1961 Italian Grand Prix on 10 September at Monza, Wolfgang von Trips in his Ferrari collided with Jim Clark's Lotus. Trips' car became airborne and crashed into a side barrier, fatally throwing von Trips out of the car and killing fifteen spectators.^[8]

His first Drivers' World Championship came driving the Lotus 25 in 1963, winning seven out of the ten races and Lotus its first Constructors' World Championship. Clark's record of seven wins in a season would not be equalled until 1984 when Frenchman Alain Prost won seven races for McLaren. The record would not be broken until Brazilian Ayrton Senna won eight races in the 1988 season, also for McLaren (ironically, Senna's team mate that year was Prost who again equalled the old record by winning 7 races). However, Clark's record is favourable compared to Prost and Senna's as the 1963 championship only consisted of 10 rounds (giving Clark a 70% success rate), while 1984 and 1988 were run over 16 rounds giving Prost a success rate of 43.75% and Senna a 50% winning ratio.

In 1963 he also competed in the Indianapolis 500 for the first time, and he finished in second position behind Parnelli Jones and won Rookie of the Year honours. The 1963 Indy 500 result remains controversial. Before the race United States Auto Club (USAC) officials had told the drivers that they would black flag any car that was seen to be leaking oil onto the track. Late in the race, Jones' front-engined roadster developed a crack in the oil tank and began to leak oil. With the track surface already being slippery this resulted in a number of cars spinning and led to popular driver Eddie Sachs crashing into the outside wall. USAC officials were set to black flag Jones after the Sachs crash until his car owner J. C. Agajanian ran down pit lane and somehow convinced them that the oil leak was below the level of a known crack and would not leak any further. Colin Chapman later accused USAC officials of being biased because Clark and Lotus were a British team with a rear-engine car. Many, including journalist and author Brock Yates, believed that had it been an American driver and car in second place instead of Clark in the British built Lotus, officials would have black flagged Jones. Despite this neither Lotus or their engine supplier Ford protested the result, reasoning that winning as a result of a disqualification when Jones had led for 167 of the races 200 laps (Clark led for 28 laps) and had set the lap record speed of 151.541 mp/h on lap 114, would not be well received by the public.

In 1964 Clark came within just a few laps of retaining his World Championship crown, but just as in 1962, an oil leak from the engine robbed him of the title, this time conceding to John Surtees. Tyre failure damaging the Lotus' suspension put paid to that year's attempt at the Indianapolis 500.^[9] He made amends and won the Championship again in 1965 and also the Indianapolis 500 in the Lotus 38.

He had to miss the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix in order to compete at Indianapolis, but made history by driving the first mid-engined car to win at the fabled "Brickyard," as well as becoming the only driver to date (2014) to win both the Indy 500 and the F1 title in the same year. Other drivers, including Graham Hill, Mario Andretti, Emerson Fittipaldi and Jacques Villeneuve have also won both crowns, but not in the same year.

At the same time, Clark was competing in the Australasia based Tasman series, run for older F1 cars, and was series champion in 1965, 1967 and 1968 driving for Lotus. He won fourteen races in all, a record for the series. This included winning the 1968 Australian Grand Prix at the Sandown International Raceway in Melbourne where he defeated the Ferrari 246T of Chris Amon by just 0.1 seconds after 55 laps of the 3.1 km (1.92 mi) circuit, the closest finish in the history of the Australian Grand Prix. The 1968 Tasman Series and Australian Grand Prix would prove to be his last major wins before his untimely death.

The FIA decreed from 1966, new 3-litre engine regulations would come into force. Lotus were less competitive. Starting with a 2-litre Coventry-Climax engine in the Lotus 33, Clark did not score points until the British Grand Prix and a third place at the following Dutch Grand Prix. From the Italian Grand Prix onwards Lotus used the highly complex BRM H16 engine in the Lotus 43 car, with which Clark won the United States Grand Prix. He also picked up another second place at the Indianapolis 500, this time behind Graham Hill.

During 1967 Lotus and Clark used three completely different cars and engines. The Lotus 43 performed poorly at the opening South African Grand Prix, so Clark used an old Lotus 33 at the following Monaco Grand Prix, retiring with suspension failure. Lotus then began its fruitful association with Ford-Cosworth. Their first car, the Lotus 49 featuring the most successful F1 engine in history, the Ford-Cosworth DFV, won its first race at the Dutch Grand Prix, driven by Clark. He won with it again at the British, United States and Mexican Grands Prix; and, in January 1968, at the South African Grand Prix.

Remarkable performances

Jim Clark won the 1963 Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps in extremely wet, foggy and rainy conditions. After starting eighth on the grid Clark passed all of the cars in front of him, including early leader Graham Hill. About 17 laps into the race, with the rain coming down harder than ever, Clark had not only lapped the entire field except for Bruce McLaren, but he was almost five minutes ahead of McLaren and his Cooper. This would be the first of seven victories for Clark and Team Lotus that year.

In the 1967 Italian Grand Prix at Monza after starting from pole, Clark was leading in his Lotus 49 (chassis R2), when a tyre punctured. He lost an entire lap while having the wheel changed in the pits. Rejoining sixteenth, Clark ripped back through the field, progressively lowering the lap record and eventually equalling his pole time of 1m 28.5s, to regain the lost lap and the lead. He was narrowly ahead of Brabham and Surtees starting the last lap, but his car had not been filled with enough fuel for such a performance: it faltered, and finally coasted across the finish line in third place.

In his Indianapolis 500 win, Clark led for 190 of the 200 laps, with an unprecedented average speed of over 150 miles per hour (240 km/h), to become the first non-American in almost half a century to win the famous race.^[10][11]

In 1963 and 1965, Jim Clark equaled Alberto Ascari's record for Highest percentage of possible championship points in a season (100%). Leading 71.47% of the laps in 1963, Jim Clark holds the record for highest percentage of laps in the lead in a season. He also holds the record for most Grand Slams, taking pole, fastest lap, race win and leading every lap of the race in 8 races (1962 British Grand Prix, 1963 Dutch Grand Prix, 1963 French Grand Prix, 1963 Mexican Grand Prix, 1964 British Grand Prix, 1965 South African Grand Prix, 1965 French Grand Prix, 1965 German Grand Prix).

Death

On 7 April 1968, Clark died in a racing accident at the Hockenheimring, in Germany. He was originally slated to drive in the BOAC 1000 km sportscar race at Brands Hatch, but instead chose to drive in the Deutschland Trophäe, a Formula Two race, for Lotus at the Hockenheimring, primarily due to contractual obligations with Firestone. Although the race has sometimes been characterized as a "minor race meeting" the entry list was impressive with top-running Matras for the French drivers Jean-Pierre Beltoise and Henri Pescarolo, Tecnos for Carlo Facetti and Clay Regazzoni, Team Brabhams for Derek Bell and Piers Courage, a Ferrari for Chris Amon and McLarens for Graeme Lawrence and Robin Widdows. Team Lotus drivers Graham Hill and Clark were in Gold Leaf Team Lotuses and a young Max Mosley was also in the race, moving up from the Clubman series. The event was run in two heats.^[12] On the fifth lap of the first heat, Clark's Lotus 48 veered off the track and crashed into the trees. He suffered a broken neck and skull fracture, and died before reaching the hospital. The cause of the crash was never definitively identified, but investigators concluded it was most likely due to a deflating rear tyre. Clark's death affected the racing community terribly, with fellow Formula One drivers and close friends Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart, Dan Gurney, John Surtees, Chris Amon and Jack Brabham all being personally affected by the tragedy. People came from all over the world to Clark's funeral. Colin Chapman was devastated and publicly stated that he had lost his best friend. The 1968 F1 Drivers' Championship was subsequently won by his Lotus teammate Graham Hill, who pulled the heartbroken team together and held off Jackie Stewart for the crown, which he later dedicated to Clark.

There was initial speculation as to whether the accident was caused by a driver error or a deflating rear tyre, and the Lotus was investigated thoroughly by aircraft crash investigators for three weeks. Many drivers including Surtees and Brabham were convinced that the crash was caused by a deflating rear tyre and were adamant that it was not a driver error—simply because they believed Clark was not capable of making such a mistake. According to Andrew Marriott of the classic journal Motor Sport who was covering the race as a young reporter "Deaths in the sport were a regular occurrence in those days, but surely someone of Clark's sublime talent and skill? People reckoned that the rear tyre had deflated, and there is another theory that the mechanical metering unit on the Cosworth FVA engine had seized and caused Clark to crash."^[12]

There is a large memorial to Clark at Hockenheim today, but because the track has been reduced in length and the old course reforested, the actual location of the crash is in a heavily wooded area; it is however easily accessible.

Legacy

Clark achieved 33 pole positions and won 25 races from his 72 Grands Prix starts in championship races. He is remembered for his ability to drive and win in all types of cars and series, including a Lotus-Cortina, with which he won the 1964 British Touring Car Championship; IndyCar; Rallying, where he took part in the 1966 RAC Rally of Great Britain in a Lotus Cortina; and sports cars. He competed in the Le Mans 24 Hour race in 1959, 1960 and 1961, finishing second in class in 1959 driving a Lotus Elite, and finishing third overall in 1960, driving an Aston Martin DBR1.

He took part in a NASCAR event, driving a 7-litre Holman Moody Ford at the American 500 at the banked speedway at Rockingham on 29 October 1967.^[14]

He was also able to master difficult Lotus sportscar prototypes such as the Lotus 30 and 40. Clark had an uncanny ability to adapt to whichever car he was driving. Whilst other drivers would struggle to find a good car setup, Clark would usually set competitive lap times with whatever setup was provided and ask for the car to be left as it was.

Sir Jackie Stewart on what made Clark such a good driver:

He was so smooth, he was so clean, he drove with such finesse. He never bullied a racing car, he sort of caressed it into doing the things he wanted it to do.^[15]

He apparently had difficulty understanding why other drivers were not as quick as himself. When Clark died, fellow driver Chris Amon was quoted as saying, "If it could happen to him, what chance do the rest of us have? I think we all felt that. It seemed like we'd lost our leader."^[16][17]

Jim Clark is buried in the village of Chirnside in Berwickshire. A memorial stone can be found at the Hockenheimring circuit, moved from the site of his crash to a location closer to the current track, and a life-size statue of him in racing overalls stands by the bridge over a small stream in the village of his birth, Kilmany in Fife. A small museum, which is known as The Jim Clark Room,^[18] can be found in Duns.

The Jim Clark Trophy was introduced in the 1987 Formula One season for drivers of cars with naturally aspirated engines but was discontinued after turbo-charged engines were restricted in 1988 and dropped for 1989. The Jim Clark Memorial Award is an annual award given by the Association of Scottish Motoring Writers to Scots who have contributed significantly to transport and motor sport.^[19] The Jim Clark Rally is an annual event held in Berwickshire.^[20]

Clark was an inaugural inductee into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.

Racing record

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

Year	Team	Co-Drivers	Car	Class	Laps	Pos.	Class Pos.
1959	Border Reivers	Sir John Whitmore	Lotus Elite Mk.14	GT 1.5	257	10th	2nd
1960	Border Reivers	Roy Salvadori	Aston Martin DBR1/300	S 3.0	306	3rd	3rd
1961	Border Reivers	Ron Flockhart	Aston Martin DBR1/300	S 3.0	132	DNF	DNF

Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year	Entrant	Chassis	Engine	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	WDC	Pts.[1]
1960	Team Lotus	Lotus 18	Climax I4	ARG	MON	500	NED Ret	BEL 5	FRA 5	GBR 16	POR 3	ITA	USA 16			10th	8
1961	Team Lotus	Lotus 21	Climax I4	MON 10	NED 3	BEL 12	FRA 3	GBR Ret	GER 4	ITA Ret	USA 7					7th	11
1962	Team Lotus	Lotus 25	Climax V8	NED 9	MON Ret	BEL 1	FRA Ret	GBR 1	GER 4	ITA Ret	USA 1	RSA Ret				2nd	30
1963	Team Lotus	Lotus 25	Climax V8	MON 8	BEL 1	NED 1	FRA 1	GBR 1	GER 2	ITA 1	USA 3	MEX 1	RSA 1			1st	54 (73)
1964	Team Lotus	Lotus 25	Climax V8	MON 4	NED 1	BEL 1	FRA Ret	GBR 1			ITA Ret					3rd	32
		Lotus 33	Climax V8						GER Ret	AUT Ret		USA 7	MEX 5
1965	Team Lotus	Lotus 33	Climax V8	RSA 1	MON	BEL 1		GBR 1	NED 1	GER 1	ITA 10	USA Ret	MEX Ret			1st	54
		Lotus 25	Climax V8				FRA 1
1966	Team Lotus	Lotus 33	Climax V8	MON Ret	BEL Ret	FRA DNS	GBR 4	NED 3	GER Ret							6th	16
		Lotus 43	BRM H16							ITA Ret	USA 1	MEX Ret
1967	Team Lotus	Lotus 43	BRM H16	RSA Ret												3rd	41
		Lotus 33	Climax V8		MON Ret
		Lotus 49	Ford V8			NED 1	BEL 6	FRA Ret	GBR 1	GER Ret	CAN Ret	ITA 3	USA 1	MEX 1
1968	Team Lotus	Lotus 49	Ford V8	RSA 1	ESP	MON	BEL	NED	FRA	GBR	GER	ITA	CAN	USA	MEX	11th	9

Formula One Non-Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year	Entrant	Chassis	Engine	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21
1960	Team Lotus	Lotus 18	Climax I4	GLV	INT	SIL Ret	LOM 2	OUL Ret
1961	Team Lotus	Lotus 18	Climax I4	LOM 6	GLV	PAU 1	BRX Ret	VIE	AIN 9	SYR 6	NAP	LON				DAN 7
		Lotus 21											SIL 2	SOL 7	KAN Ret		MOD 4	FLG 4	OUL Ret	LEW	VAL	RAN 1	NAT 1	RSA 1
1962	Team Lotus	Lotus 21	Climax I4	CAP 2
		Lotus 24	Climax V8		BRX Ret	LOM 1	LAV	GLV	PAU Ret	AIN 1	INT 2	NAP
		Lotus 25	Climax V8										MAL Ret	CPL	RMS Ret	SOL Ret	KAN	MED	DAN	OUL 1	MEX 1‡	RAN 1	NAT 2
1963	Team Lotus	Lotus 25	Climax V8	LOM 2	GLV	PAU 1	IMO 1	SYR WD	AIN 3	INT 1	ROM	SOL NC	KAN 1	MED	AUT Ret	OUL 1	RAN 16
1964	Team Lotus	Lotus 25	Climax V8	DMT Ret	NWT 1	SYR		INT Ret		MED 2	RAN
		Lotus 33					AIN Ret		SOL 1
1965	Team Lotus	Lotus 33	Climax V8	ROC Ret	SYR 1
		Lotus 25				SMT 1	INT	MED 2	RAN
1966	Team Lotus	Lotus 33	Climax V8	RSA	SYR	INT	OUL 3
1967	Team Lotus	Lotus 49	Ford V8	ROC	SPR	INT	SYR	OUL	ESP 1

^‡ After Clark was disqualified for a push start, he took over the car of Trevor Taylor.

Formula One records

Clark holds the following Formula One records:

Record	Achieved
Most Grand Slams (pole, win, fastest lap, leading every lap in same race)	8
Highest percentage of possible championship points in a season	100% in 1963 and 19651
Highest percentage of laps in the lead in a season	71.47% in 1963

¹Record shared with Alberto Ascari in 1952

Indy 500 results

• Clark's starting positions from 1964, 1965, and 1966 represent the best 3-race starting streak of the 1960s.
• Clark's 1965 win was the first win for a rear-engined car at the Indianapolis 500. No front-engined car has won the race since.

Complete Tasman Series results

Year	Car	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Rank	Points
1965	Lotus 32B	PUK Ret	LEV 1	WIG 1	TER (1)	WAR 1	SAN 2	LON 5		1st	35 (44)
1966	Lotus 39	PUK Ret	LEV 2	WIG Ret	TER Ret	WAR 1	LAK 3	SAN 2	LON 7	3rd	25
1967	Lotus 33	PUK 2	WIG 1	LAK 1	WAR 2	SAN 1	LON 2			1st	45
1968	Lotus 49T	LEV Ret	PUK Ret	WIG 1	TER 2	ORA 1	SUR 1	ADE 1	SAN 5	1st	44

Non-Championship Tasman Series results

Year	Car	1	2
1967	Lotus 33	LEV 1	TER 1

Formula Two results

(Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italic indicate fastest lap.)

For reasons of space, only those Formula Two events which Clark attended are shown.

Year	Entrant	Chassis	Engine	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1960	Team Lotus	Lotus 18	Climax FPF	BRX Ret	BRC Ret1	SOL 8	BRH 1
1964	Ron Harris Team Lotus	Lotus 32	Cosworth SCA	PAU 1	ADC 1	GRV 1	RMS 4	BET 1	KAN 2	ALB Ret	OUL 2
1965	Ron Harris Team Lotus	Lotus 35	Cosworth SCA	MAL DNS2	SNE 3	PAU 1	LON 1	RMS 3	ROU 1	KAN Ret	BET 1	OUL 6	ROU 1
1966	Ron Harris Team Lotus	Lotus 35	Cosworth SCA	OUL DNS2	SMT Ret	PAU 7
		Lotus 44					BAR Ret	KAN 3	FIN 3	MNT 2	BLM 6	BAR NC	BRH 3
1967	Team Lotus	Lotus 48	Cosworth FVA	PAU 4	BAR 1	ADC Ret	LIM 2	RMS Ret	ROU Ret	FTL Ret	MAD 1	KAN 3	FIN 1	HÄM 3	ALB 3
1968	Team Lotus	Lotus 48	Cosworth FVA	BAR Ret	HOC Ret

¹ Innes Ireland took over Clark's car and finished in 9th place.
² Races cancelled due to bad weather.

Awards

• F1 World Champion, 1963 and 1965; runner-up, 1962 and 1964
• Indianapolis 500 winner, 1965; runner-up, 1963 and 1966
• ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of The Year, 1965
• British Touring Car Championship Champion, 1964
• Tasman Series Cup winner, 1965, 1967 and 1968
• Trophées de France Formula Two Champion, 1965
• Third place overall, 1960 24 Hours of Le Mans
• He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990.
• He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990 in the open wheel class.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jim Clark.

• Jim Clark Memorial at Hockenheim
• Jim Clark memorial room at Duns, Scotland
• Jim Clark Rally
• Jim Clark 50th Anniversary Homage
• BBC News: Jim Clark killed in car smash
• "Remember Jim Clark", Roger Horton
• The Greatest 33
• Jim Clark Museum

Sporting positions
Preceded by Graham Hill	BRDC International Trophy Winner 1963	Succeeded by Jack Brabham
Preceded by Jim McElreath	Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year 1963	Succeeded by Johnny White
Preceded by Graham Hill	Formula One World Champion 1963	Succeeded by John Surtees
Preceded by Jack Sears	British Touring Car Champion 1964	Succeeded by Roy Pierpoint
Preceded by A. J. Foyt	Indianapolis 500 Winner 1965	Succeeded by Graham Hill
Preceded by John Surtees	Formula One World Champion 1965	Succeeded by Jack Brabham
Preceded by Bruce McLaren	Tasman Series Champion 1965	Succeeded by Jackie Stewart
Preceded by Jackie Stewart	Tasman Series Champion 1967-1968	Succeeded by Chris Amon

Awards
Preceded by Graham Hill	Hawthorn Memorial Trophy 1963	Succeeded by John Surtees
Preceded by John Surtees	Hawthorn Memorial Trophy 1965	Succeeded by Jack Brabham

Records
Preceded by Mike Hawthorn 29 years, 192 days (1958 season)	Youngest Formula One World Drivers' Champion 27 years, 188 days (1963 season)	Succeeded by Emerson Fittipaldi 25 years, 273 days (1972 season)
Preceded by Juan Manuel Fangio 24 wins (1950 – 1958)	Most Grand Prix wins 25 wins, 25th at the 1968 South African GP	Succeeded by Jackie Stewart 27 wins, 26th at the 1973 Dutch GP