Joachim Yhombi-Opango

Jacques Joachim Yhombi Opango (born 12 January 1939[1]) is a Congolese politician. He was an army officer who became Congo-Brazzaville's first general and served as Head of State of the People's Republic of the Congo from 1977 to 1979. He is currently the President of the Rally for Democracy and Development (RDD), a political party, and served as Prime Minister from 1993 to 1996. He was in exile from 1997 to 2007.

Political career

Yhombi-Opango was born in Fort Rousset (now Owando) in Cuvette Region, in the north of the Congo.[2] Under President Marien Ngouabi, Yhombi-Opango was Army Chief of Staff (with the rank of Major); he was suspended from that position on July 30, 1970, but subsequently restored to it.[3] He was a member of the ruling Congolese Labour Party (PCT) and was associated with the party's right wing.[2] Leftist elements in the PCT claimed in a broadcast on Voice of the Revolution radio on February 22, 1972 that Yhombi-Opango was trying to take power in a rightist coup and that he had ordered the arrest of members of the PCT Political Bureau. This claim was part of an unsuccessful leftist coup attempt led by Lieutenant Ange Diawara.[4] Yhombi-Opango became a member of the Central Committee of the PCT in 1972. He was then promoted to the rank of Colonel and became a member of the PCT's Political Bureau in January 1973.[2] He served as Secretary-General of the Council of State until being moved to the post of Council of State delegate in charge of Defence on November 9, 1974.[5]

Following the assassination of Ngouabi in March 1977, Yhombi-Opango became Head of State. He served in office for nearly two years until being forced to resign in February 1979.[6] Accused of attempting to form a "rightist faction" in the PCT, he was subsequently held in detention for several years by his successor, President Denis Sassou Nguesso.[7] In addition to being placed under house arrest, he was expelled from the PCT and his property was confiscated in 1979; furthermore, he was demoted from the rank of general to that of private, according to an announcement on October 20, 1979.[8] Sassou Nguesso announced Yhombi-Opango's release when the former was sworn in for a second term as President on November 10, 1984,[7][9] citing "the interest of national unity and peace".[7]

In July 1987, 20 officers were arrested for allegedly plotting a coup, and a commission investigating the plot implicated Yhombi-Opango, along with Captain Pierre Anga.[10] In September 1987, Yhombi-Opango was arrested in connection with this plot.[9] Sassou Nguesso announced his release, along with all other political prisoners, on August 14, 1990, in a move marking the 30th anniversary of Congolese independence.[11] At the February–June 1991 National Conference, some delegates accused Yhombi-Opango and Sassou Nguesso of complicity in Ngouabi's assassination.[12]

Afterwards, Yhombi-Opango was the candidate of his party, the Rally for Democracy and Development (RDD), in the August 1992 presidential election, taking sixth place with 3.49% of the vote.[13] In his native Cuvette Region, he placed second, with 27% of the vote, behind Sassou Nguesso.[14] He allied with President Pascal Lissouba and Lissouba's party, the Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS), in the first round of the 1993 parliamentary election, held in May, and after the election Lissouba appointed him as Prime Minister on June 23, 1993. The opposition contested the results, however, and a severe political dispute erupted, with the opposition setting up a rival government.[15] Yhombi-Opango resigned on January 13, 1995 so that Lissouba would be free to consult other parties in the formation of a new government; he was promptly reappointed as Prime Minister, with a new government—including four members of the opposition Union for Democratic Renewal (URD)—being named on January 23.[16]

Some members of UPADS who were from Lissouba's own Téke ethnic group called for Yhombi-Opango's resignation in 1996 because they wanted the Prime Minister to be a Téke as well.[17] As a result, Yhombi-Opango resigned on August 23, 1996;[18] Lissouba appointed Charles David Ganao to replace him on August 27.[17][18]

Sassou-Nguesso's visit to Owando, Yhombi-Opango's political stronghold, in May 1997 led to an outbreak of violence between his supporters and those of Yhombi-Opango.[19] Following this incident, a civil war began in June, leading to Lissouba's ouster in October 1997; Yhombi-Opango supported Lissouba during the war,[20] serving as leader of the Presidential Majority,[21] and after Sassou-Nguesso's victory he fled into exile[20] in Cote d'Ivoire and France.

In December 2001, Yhombi-Opango joined two other exiled politicians, Lissouba and Bernard Kolélas, in rejecting the electoral process begun under Sassou-Nguesso, saying that it was not transparent.[22] Along with Lissouba and Kolélas, he called for a passive boycott of the January 2002 constitutional referendum.[23]

Yhombi-Opango was sentenced in absentia to 20 years of hard labor for embezzlement[24][25] in late December 2001.[24] Also convicted in this trial were Lissouba (who received a 30-year sentence) and three other former members of the government (former Prime Minister Claude Antoine da Costa, former Minister of Finance Guila Mougounga Nkombo, and former Minister of Oil Benoit Koukebene).[24] The charge of embezzlement was based on an accusation that Lissouba, Yhombi-Opango, and the others made a corrupt deal with Occidental Petroleum to sell oil to the company for 150 million US dollars in 1993; the sum was said to amount to less than a fourth of the oil's actual value. The money from this deal was allegedly never placed in the Treasury; instead, part of the money was said to have been placed in a private bank account in Belgium, while the remainder was said to have been used for electoral campaigning.[24][26] Claudine Munari, who had been Director of the Cabinet, said in defense of the accused that there was no alternative to the deal and that the money was actually used to pay wage arrears and organize the 1993 parliamentary election.[26] The accused were also charged with misappropriating public funds, but this charge did not result in conviction.[24]

A dispute in the RDD leadership emerged in 2005. Yhombi-Opango, still in exile, asked the party leadership in Congo-Brazzaville to approach the governing PCT, but Saturnin Okabé, who led the party in Yhombi-Opango's absence, refused to do so. Yhombi-Opango reacted angrily to this refusal.[27]

An amnesty for Yhombi-Opango was approved by the Congolese Council of Ministers on May 18, 2007.[28] He returned to Congo-Brazzaville on August 10, 2007, and a thousand of his supporters were present to welcome him.[25] At a meeting of the RDD Steering Committee on September 8, 2007, Yhombi-Opango reassumed the leadership of the party from Interim President Saturnin Okabé and Secretary-General Martial Mathieu Kani. On this occasion, Yhombi-Opango announced his intention to reorganize the party and improve its position on the national political scene.[29]

Yhombi-Opango spent over a year in France for medical reasons before returning to Brazzaville on 1 June 2013.[30]

References

  1. ↑ Willy Mbossa, "Cinquantenaire de l'indépendance : aperçu biographique de Joachim Yhombi-Opango", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 14 August 2010 (French).
  2. 1 2 3 Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga, Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique (1997), Karthala Editions, page 447 (French).
  3. ↑ "Jul 1971 - Reorganization of Council of State - Communist Chinese aid - Alleged anti-government plots", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 17, July 1971, Congo, page 24,724.
  4. ↑ "Mar 1972 - Abortive left-wing coup", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 18, March 1972, Congo, page 25,147.
  5. ↑ "Feb 1975 - Congo", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 21, February 1975, Congo, page 26,964.
  6. ↑ Clark, John F. (1997). Clark, John F.; Gardinier, David E., eds. "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate". Political Reform in Francophone Africa: 64, 65.
  7. 1 2 3 "Jun 1986 - Release of former President - Party and Cabinet changes - Economic problems - Census", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 32, June 1986, Congo, page 34,406.
  8. ↑ "Jan 1980 - General Elections and Referendum on New Constitution - Earlier Appointment of New Council of Ministers - Other Developments", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 26, January 1980, Congo, page 30,059.
  9. 1 2 "Le Congo de 1980 a 1997", afriquepluriel.ruwenzori.net (French).
  10. ↑ "Republic of Congo: An old generation of leaders in new carnage", Amnesty International, March 25, 1999.
  11. ↑ "All political prisoners freed", St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 15, 1990.
  12. ↑ Kenneth B. Noble, "Congo political conference gives Africa a democratic model", The New York Times, June 25, 1991.
  13. ↑ Xavier Bienvenu Kitsimbou, "La démocratie et les réalités ethniques au Congo", University of Nancy II, October 26, 2001, pages 104–105 (French).
  14. ↑ Clark, John F. (1997). Clark, John F.; Gardinier, David E., eds. "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate". Political Reform in Francophone Africa: 71.
  15. ↑ I. William Zartman and Katharina R. Vogeli, "Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo", in Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World (2000), ed. Bruce W. Jentleson, pages 273–274.
  16. ↑ "Jan 1995 - New Congo Cabinet", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 41, January 1995, Congo, page 40,345.
  17. 1 2 Joachim Emmanuel Goma-Thethet, "Alliances in the political and electoral process in the Republic of Congo 1991–97", in Liberal Democracy and Its Critics in Africa: Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress (2005), ed. Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo, Zed Books, page 118.
  18. 1 2 "Aug 1996 - New Prime Minister", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 42, August 1996, Congo, page 41,216.
  19. ↑ "Entre arbitraire et impunité: les droits de l'homme au Congo-Brazzaville", Congolese Human Rights Observatory and International Federation of Human Rights, April 1998 (French).
  20. 1 2 Political Parties of the World (6th edition, 2005), ed. Bogdan Szajkowski, pages 138–140.
  21. ↑ "Congo: Lissouba "accepted" selection of prime minister from opposition", Africa No. 1 radio, August 10, 1997.
  22. ↑ "Congo: Former president, premiers reject electoral process, call for dialogue", Radio France Internationale, December 12, 2001.
  23. ↑ "Congo: Former premier calls for "passive" boycott of constitutional referendum", Radio France Internationale, January 15, 2002.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Congolese ex-leader guilty of treason", BBC News, December 29, 2001.
  25. 1 2 "L'ex-président Yhombi-Opango de retour au Congo après dix ans d'exil", Agence France Presse, August 10, 2007 (French).
  26. 1 2 "Travaux forcés pour Pascal Lissouba", Afrik.com, December 29, 2001 (French).
  27. ↑ "Discorde à la tête du Rassemblement pour la démocratie et le développement", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, June 6, 2005 (French).
  28. ↑ "L'ancien président Joachim Youmby Opango amnistié par Brazzaville", Xinhua, May 19, 2007 (French).
  29. ↑ Thierry Noungou, "Jacques Joachim Yhombi Opango annonce le retour sur la scène politique du Rassemblement pour la démocratie et le développement", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, September 10, 2007 (French).
  30. ↑ "Vie des partis : le RDD célèbre le retour de son leader", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 1 June 2013 (French).
Political offices
Preceded by
Military Committee of the Congolese Labour Party		 President of the Republic of the Congo
1977–1979 		Succeeded by
Denis Sassou Nguesso
Preceded by
Claude Antoine Dacosta		 Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville
1993-1996 		Succeeded by
Charles David Ganao
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