John Joseph Montgomery

John Joseph Montgomery
Born (1858-02-15)February 15, 1858
Yuba City, California
Died October 31, 1911(1911-10-31) (aged 53)
Evergreen, California
Cause of death Gliding accident
Resting place Colma, California
Nationality United States
Education Santa Clara College, St. Ignatius College (B.A., Physics, 1879; M.A., Physics 1880), Santa Clara College (Honorary Ph.D., Physics 1901)
Occupation aviation pioneer, inventor, professor of physics, physicist
Spouse(s) Regina Cleary

John Joseph Montgomery (February 15, 1858 – October 31, 1911) was an American inventor, physicist, engineer, and professor at Santa Clara College in Santa Clara, California who is best known for his invention of controlled heavier-than-air flying machines.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

In the 1880s Montgomery, a native of Yuba City, California made manned flight experiments in a series of gliders in the United States in Otay Mesa near San Diego, California.[8][9][7][10][11][12] Although not publicized in the 1880s, these early flights were first described by Montgomery as part of a lecture delivered at the International Conference on Aerial Navigation at Chicago, 1893.[13][14] These independent advances came after gliding flights by European pioneers such as George Cayley's coachman in England (1853) and Jean-Marie Le Bris in France (1856).[15] Although Montgomery never claimed firsts, his gliding experiments of the 1880s are considered by some historians and organizations to have been the first controlled flights of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America[16][17][18] or in the Western Hemisphere,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] depending on source.

Montgomery devised different control methods for his gliders, including weight shifting for roll and an elevator for pitch (1884). Subsequent designs used hinged, pilot-operated trailing edge flaps on the wings (1885-1886) for roll control,[27][28][29][30][9][31] and later, full wing warping systems for roll (1903-1905)[32][33] and for both pitch and roll (1911).[34]

Ornithology

In the early 1880s Montgomery began studying the anatomy of a variety of large soaring birds to determine their basic characteristics, like wing area, total weight and curved surfaces. He made detailed observations of birds in flight, especially large soaring birds such as eagles, hawks, vultures and pelicans which soared on thermals near San Diego Bay.[35]

He initially attempted to achieve manned flight with ornithopters. In 1883, he built and experimented with a series of three ornithopters but found that human strength was insufficient to generate the necessary lift. He abandoned flapping-wing flight, preferring instead to emulate soaring birds with fixed-wing craft. He reasoned that it would be possible to solve the physics of gliding and soaring flight and then add a motor.[36]

Fixed-wing gliders

Montgomery first tested his concepts for the design, construction and control of gliders with small scale free-flight models. His first glider in 1883-84 had a cambered airfoil based on the curve of the seagull wing. Pitch was controlled by an operable elevator and roll was controlled by pilot weight shift. Yaw was uncontrolled. This aircraft design served as the basis for three gliders over the period 1883-1886. In the spring of 1884, Montgomery made flights of up to 600 feet (180 m)[30] from the rim of Otay Mesa.[9][37] During experiments with this craft, Montgomery found that the glider would not respond well to side gusts. He returned to ornithology and noted how turkey vultures had significant dihedral and twisted their wings as a form of lateral balance.[9]

Emulating these control methods, in 1884-1885 he incorporated hinged flaps into the trailing edge of a second glider. These were held under spring tension for automatic balance in gusts, but were also connected through cables to the pilot’s seat so they could be operated mechanically by the pilot for roll control.[9][38] In essence these flaps were very early ailerons.[30][39] The second glider had a flat plate airfoil, considerable dihedral for stability and an operable elevator for pitch control. Montgomery devised an inclined rail system so the piloted glider could roll from the top of a hill and attain enough speed for flight.

In the winter of 1885-86, Montgomery constructed a third glider. It also had a cambered airfoil modeled after the wings of a vulture, though the leading and trailing edges were turned upward slightly. The wing, spanwise, was "gull" shaped. Controls allowed the pilot to vary the angle of incidence of the left and right wing either in unison or independently. Dihedral and an operable elevator were also included.[9] Montgomery concluded that a better understanding of aerodynamics was needed for the design of a proper airfoil.

In an 1893 speech, Montgomery said that flights were made in these three craft during the period 1884-1886, with the occasional assistance of at least three friends and two younger brothers.[40] Of the flight trials with the second craft (of 1885) Octave Chanute's account in 1893 noted "several trials were made, but no effective lift could be obtained."[41] Of the third craft (of 1886) Chanute wrote "this last apparatus proved an entire failure, as no effective lifting effect could be obtained from the wind sufficient to carry the 180 lbs. it was designed to bear."[41]

Montgomery's own account made clear that he considered the technology of the second and third gliders of 1885 and 1886 as effective, but the airfoil designs were a disappointment in terms of lift-generation as they produced much shorter gliding flights in comparison to the first craft of 1884. He realized he was getting increasingly farther from understanding the mechanism of lift and began controlled laboratory experiments to investigate airfoils. In 1886 he briefly considered filing a patent caveat for lateral balancing, but did not.[10]

Aerodynamics

About 1885 Montgomery began a long series of experiments with a whirling arm device, a smoke chamber, a water current table and large wooden surfaces angled into the wind in order to understand the physics of flow around curved surfaces.[42] He also used dried bird wings placed in wind currents to observe the effect. His work in the 1880s confirmed that mechanical systems used by a pilot could preserve lateral balance and some degree of equilibrium in gliding flight. His experiments also confirmed the value of a cambered surface for obtaining lift.[43]

In 1893 Montgomery visited the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, intending initially to attend a lecture by electrical expert Nikola Tesla. Upon arrival, he heard of the International Conference on Aerial Navigation to take place the first week of August. He introduced himself to Octave Chanute and Albert F. Zahm, who were collaborating in chairing the conference. He did not present a paper, but was subsequently invited by Chanute and Zahm to participate in the conference by giving two lectures of his own. His first focused on his experiments with surfaces in air and water currents. This talk was revised into an article and included in the conference proceedings.[44] The article was later published in the July 1894 edition of Aeronautics. With encouragement from Chanute, Montgomery decided to give a second lecture. Although he refrained from providing enough detail that might be useful to designers, he did discuss use of hinged wing sections for lateral control.[45] His second lecture was not published as part of the conference proceedings, because Chanute thought Montgomery wanted to seek patent protection. Instead, Chanute presented his own comments on Montgomery's flight experiments in his article series Progress in Flying Machines which was published serially in the American Engineer and Railroad Journal in 1893, and in the following year as a book of the same name. Montgomery reprised his second lecture in a talk to the Aeronautical Society of New York in 1910, and the contents were later published in several journals and books.[9]

From 1893 to 1895, while teaching at Mt. St. Joseph's College in Rohnerville, California,[46] Montgomery conducted further experiments into the physics of flow over a wing and lift generation using a smoke chamber and water table. From these experiments he developed a theory of lift based on vorticity, or what modern aerodynamicists refer to as a "circulation theory" or "lifting-line theory".[10] Montgomery compiled his results into a 131-page manuscript entitled Soaring Flight[47] and attempted to have it published by Matthias N. Forney and the editors of Scientific American with the help of Octave Chanute.[48] Chanute was reluctant to endorse it due to his disagreements with some of its theoretical content and suggested that it be edited to distinguish between experimental results and theoretical inferences.[49] Scientific American rejected the manuscript, but later published an abstract. Chanute also directed one of his collaborators, Augustus Herring, to study the manuscript as he considered it instructive in understanding "ground effect."[50]

Invention

In 1884 Montgomery received a patent for a process to vulcanize and de-vulcanize India rubber. In 1895 and again in the period 1901 to 1904, Montgomery occasionally supplemented his aeronautical research with work in other branches of science, including electricity, communication, astronomy and mining. In 1895 he received four patents (American, German, British, and Canadian) for improvements in the efficiency of petroleum burning furnaces. In 1897 he took a teaching position at Santa Clara College and directed study of wireless telegraphy with Father Richard Bell. They were first to successfully transmit messages from Santa Clara College to San Francisco.[51] Montgomery also patented two gold concentrator devices to assist miners in extracting gold from beach sands (see patent list).

Tandem-wing gliders

In early 1903 veteran balloonist Thomas Baldwin sought Montgomery's knowledge of aeronautics. Baldwin had also been assisting August Greth in constructing and experimenting with an airship (dubbed the California Eagle) at San Jose, California.[52] Baldwin wanted improved propeller designs for dirigibles. He stopped working with Greth and came to Santa Clara College for an extended period to learn aeronautics from Montgomery. Their work together included wind tunnel tests at the college.[53][54][55] At Baldwin's suggestion, they entered into a business arrangement in 1904 to make public exhibitions with manned Montgomery gliders launched at high altitudes from unmanned Baldwin balloons.[56] By late May 1904, Montgomery made test flights with a new glider.[57][58] However, Baldwin abandoned their collaboration and instead constructed his own airship (the California Arrow) at San Jose incorporating Montgomery’s propeller design and a 7-horsepower motorcycle engine (the Hercules of G.H. Curtiss Mfg Co.). The California Arrow would be first in America to make repeated circuits under control.[55][59][60][61] During a protracted period of acrimony between Montgomery and Baldwin, Baldwin entered the California Arrow in the aeronautic competition at the St. Louis World’s Fair in November, 1904 and took first place.[62][63][64]

John J. Montgomery and his tandem-wing glider The Santa Clara on April 29, 1905

In the fall of 1904 Montgomery conducted tests of his tandem-wing glider, the Montgomery Aeroplane, with associates Frank Hamilton and Daniel J. Maloney. On March 16, 17 and 20, 1905, in Aptos, California, Daniel Maloney made several successful flights in the glider at Leonard's ranch (Rancho San Antonio, now known as Seascape), after releasing from a hot-air balloon at high altitude. The resulting glides were well-controlled, and flights lasted up to 13 minutes.[65][66] News of these flights received attention in both the U.S. and Europe.[67][68][69][70][71][72][73] After this success, Montgomery gave a press conference to provide for the first time a history of his efforts in aeronautics and announced a patent application for his aeroplane. On April 29, 1905, Montgomery, Maloney, and Hamilton provided a public demonstration of the Montgomery Aeroplane, rechristened that day as The Santa Clara in honor of Santa Clara College. In view of hundreds of spectators and members of the press, Maloney released from the balloon at an approximate altitude of 4,000 feet above Santa Clara College. Maloney performed a series of pre-determined maneuvers and made a soft landing near the college grounds.[74][75][76] This exhibition brought widespread recognition for Montgomery and was generally accepted as a milestone in aviation.[6][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] In the following months Montgomery and Maloney made many exhibitions with The Santa Clara in the San Francisco bay area. On July 18, 1905 Maloney was killed when a rope from the balloon damaged the glider during the ascent, causing structural failure after release.

Evergreen

John J. Montgomery landing The Evergreen monoplane glider in October, 1911.

Following the catastrophic 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Montgomery’s gliding experiments were curtailed until 1911. Montgomery began experimenting with a new control system in which pitch and roll of the glider were managed by wing warping, while the tail assembly was fixed. Montgomery intended to add a motor and apply for a patent. This glider, The Evergreen (named after the region where flight tests occurred on the hillsides east of San Jose, California), was flown by Montgomery as well as another aeronaut Reinhardt more than 50 times in October 1911. On October 31 Montgomery was attempting to land at low speed and encountered turbulence, which caused a stall. He crashed and died at the site of his injuries. The hillside (now known as "Montgomery Hill") is just behind Evergreen Valley College. John J. Montgomery was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California on November 3, 1911.

The Evergreen glider restored by the Smithsonian Institution on display at the San Diego Air and Space Museum
Replica of The Evergreen at the Hiller Aviation Museum.

Organizational memberships

Gallant Journey

Columbia Pictures movie poster for Gallant Journey

In 1946, Columbia Pictures released a full-length movie titled Gallant Journey[92] based on John J. Montgomery's life and work. The film was directed by William A. Wellman, and starred Glenn Ford as Montgomery, Janet Blair as his wife Regina (née Cleary), whom he had married in 1910, and Charles Ruggles. The stunt pilots for the film were Paul Mantz,[93] Paul Tuntland[94][95] and Don Stevens. The film included several different historical reenactments of Montgomery’s glider flights.[96] Gallant Journey premiered in San Diego, California on September 2, 1946 and had its full national release September 24, 1946. As part of the publicity for the movie, Columbia Pictures sponsored a cross-country Boston to Los Angeles tour featuring a 1911 vintage auto, the same vintage as Montgomery’s last flight. William Wellman had served previously in the U.S. Army Air Corps and was stationed as an officer at Rockwell Field, San Diego, California and Glenn Ford had also served in San Diego during World War II.

Recognition

Historical landmarks

Silver Wing monument at Montgomery-Waller Recreation Center in Otay Mesa, San Diego, California

Two California Historical Landmarks are associated with Montgomery:

Airports and aviation clubs

In 1919, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors changed the name of the Marina Flying Field just east of Crissy Field to "Montgomery Field."[104] From 1920 to 1944 Montgomery Field served as an airmail facility. This field still exists along the Embarcadero as Marina Green.

On May 20, 1950, Montgomery Field (KMYF) in San Diego, California, one of the busiest airports for small planes in the United States, was named in his honor.[99]

Dedication plaque for Montgomery Field, San Diego

Civil Air Patrol Squadron 36 in San Jose, California is named the "John J. Montgomery Memorial Cadet Squadron 36" in his honor.[105] Their motto is "Exceed the Challenge." Experimental Aircraft Association Chapter 338 in San Jose, California is also named in honor of Montgomery.[106]

Schools

Other recognition

A marker placed at Aptos, California where Montgomery's tandem-wing glider was flown in March 1905 for the first high-altitude flights in the world.

John J. Montgomery was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, U.S. Soaring Hall of Fame in 2001,[112] and California Aviation Hall of Fame in 2015.[113]

In 1924, a new engineering building was dedicated as the Montgomery Laboratories on the campus of Santa Clara University. This lab was located where Mayer Theatre is today.[114] A celebration was held March 18, 1934 at Santa Clara University to mark the 50th anniversary of Montgomery's first glider flight.[115] Also on the campus of Santa Clara University, an obelisk was dedicated by the citizens of Santa Clara, California to Montgomery on April 29, 1946 at the location of Maloney's 1905 glider flights.[116]

In 1949, a section of what is now part of the Interstate 5 freeway that passes through the former site of the Montgomery 1880s Fruitland Ranch and goes from the Mexican border to downtown San Diego, California was named the John J. Montgomery Freeway.[117][118]

In the 1960s, the National Society of Aerospace Professionals and the San Diego Aerospace Museum established a John J. Montgomery Award for aerospace excellence. Members of the X-15, Mercury, and Polaris programs received the award including astronauts such as Neil A. Armstrong.

On May 11, 1996, Montgomery's 1883 glider was recognized as an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[119]

On March 19, 2005, John J. Montgomery was the focus of a Centennial Celebration of Soaring Flight, held in Aptos, California at the location of some of his early glider experiments. At this celebration, a marker was placed in Aptos in honor of the first high altitude flights by man.[120]

On April 5, 2008, a celebration of the 125th anniversary of John Montgomery's first glide took place at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California.[121]

In May 2016, the San Diego Air and Space Museum established a new exhibit for John J. Montgomery in their main rotunda including The Evergreen glider from 1911 and Montgomery’s original Soaring Flight manuscript from 1896.[122]

See also

Publications

Patents

  1. U.S. Patent 0,308,189 - Devulcanizing and restoring vulcanized rubber - 1884 November 18
  2. U.S. Patent 0,549,679 - Petroleum burner - 1895 November 12
  3. British Patent 21477 - Petroleum burner and furnace - 1895 November 12
  4. German Patent 88977 - Petroleum oven - 1895 November 12
  5. Canadian Patent 50585 - Petroleum burner - 1895 November 14
  6. Canadian Patent 70319 - Concentrator - 1901 February 19
  7. U.S. Patent 0,679,155 - Concentrator - 1901 July 23
  8. U.S. Patent 0,742,889 - Concentrator - 1903 November 3
  9. U.S. Patent 0,831,173 - Aeroplane - 1906 September 18
  10. U.S. Patent 0,974,171 - Rectifying electric currents - 1910 November 1
  11. U.S. Patent 0,974,415 - Process for compelling electric motors to keep in step with the waves or impulses of the current driving them, and a motor embodying the process - 1910 November 1

References

  1. ↑ Tandy, Edward T. (1910). An Epitome of the Work of the Aeronautic Society of from July, 1908 to December, 1909. New York, New York: Aeronautic Society of New York.
  2. ↑ Peyrey, François (1909). Les Oiseaux Artificiels. Paris, France: Derlis Fréres.
  3. ↑ "An American Pioneer of Soaring Flight: John J. Montgomery". Aviation. 4 (1): 302–303. 1918.
  4. ↑ Walker, Thomas (1910). The Art of Flying. London, England: King, Sell & Olding.
  5. ↑ Turner, Charles C. (1910). Aerial Navigation of To-day: A Popular Account of the Evolution of Aeronautics. London, England: Seeley & Co.
  6. 1 2 Colwell, J.H. (1920). "The Origin and Development of Aeronautics". Journal of the Patent Office Society. 3: 12.
  7. 1 2 Hunt, Rockwell D. (1932). "John J. Montgomery". California and Californians. 3 (126): 27.
  8. ↑ The Montgomery Evergreen Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Montgomery, John J. (21 April 1910). The Origin of Wing Warping (Speech). Aeronautic Society of New York.(Aeronautics 1910)
  10. 1 2 3 Harwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012). Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
  11. ↑ Berriman, Algernon E. Aviation. An Introduction to the Elements of Flight, Methuen & Co., London, 1912. pp. 213-214.
  12. ↑ "Montgomery's Gliding Experiments", in Hayward, Charles B. Practical Aeronautics: An Understandable Presentation of Interesting and Essential Facts in Aeronautical Science.' Chicago: American School of Correspondence, 1912.
  13. ↑ Zahm, Albert F. (1923) “Catholic Contributions in the Field of Aeronautics” in Benson, William Shepherd, James J. Walsh, Edward J. Hanna, and Constantine E. McGuire. Catholic Builders of the Nation: A Symposium on the Catholic Contribution to the Civilization of the United States. Boston: Continental Press.
  14. ↑ Pritchard, J.L. The Book of the Aeroplane, Longmans, Green and Co., 1926, p.17.
  15. ↑ The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3.
  16. ↑ National Cyclopedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, & Defenders of the Republic, etc…, Edited by Distinguished Biographers, James T. White & Co. Volume XVI, 1916.
  17. ↑ Lawrence, John (1929). The Book of The Aeroplane. The University of Michigan: Longmans Green & Company.
  18. ↑ Mark D. Ardema and Joseph Mach, Santa Clara University School of Engineering, and William J. Adams, Jr., "John Joseph Montgomery, 1883 Glider: An International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, Designated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, May 11, 1996, at Hiller Aircraft Museum and Santa Clara University" (brochure, 11 pp.)
  19. ↑ "Montgomery First to Conquer the Air: Austrian Officials after Inquiry Give Palm to California Inventor," San Francisco Examiner, May 16, 1909. See also "Conquering the Air," San Francisco Monitor, June 12, 1909.
  20. ↑ Jacobs, James W. "John Joseph Montgomery." In James W. Jacobs, Enshrinee Album: The First Twenty-One Years, 134<n>35. Dayton, Ohio: National Aviation Hall of Fame, 1984.
  21. ↑ McCormick, Barnes (2004). Aerospace Engineering Education During the First Century of Flight. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
  22. ↑ L'Écho Des Ailes: Revue Indépendante pour la Défense des Intérêts Aéronautiques, Vol. 17, No. 2, January 23, 1948. By Fédération des Clubs Belges d'Aviation de Tourisme, Brussels, Belgium.
  23. ↑ "Flug-Revue" (“Flight Review”), 1968, Vereinigte Motor-Verlage, p. 155.
  24. ↑ Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, United States Congress. House Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1972.
  25. ↑ Historie de L’Aeronautique et de L’Espace, 2001.
  26. ↑ Davy, Maurice J.B. (1935) Aeronautics, Science Museum.
  27. ↑ "Professor Montgomery's Experiments". Aeronautics (London). 3 (6): 73, 111. 1910.
  28. ↑ "Machine with Wings Upsets Theories," "Years of Research Applied to Solving the Problem," San Jose Mercury Evening News, March 31, 1905.
  29. ↑ "Third Tests Are All Successful," San Francisco Bulletin, March 26, 1905.
  30. 1 2 3 Montgomery, John J. (1909). "Some Early Gliding Experiments In America". Aeronautics (New York). 4 (1).
  31. ↑ Hayward, Charles B. (ed.) (1912) Practical Aeronautics, American School of Correspondence, Chicago.(Introduction written by Orville Wright)
  32. ↑ Aeronautics 1910.
  33. ↑ Chanute, Octave. (1907) "Montgomery." In: Pocket-Book of Aeronautics, edited by Hermann. W. L. Moedebeck, translated by W. Mansergh Varley, Vol. 309, No. 10. London: Whittaker and Co.
  34. ↑ Campi, Richard B. (1961) "Description and Analysis of the 1911 Montgomery Controllable Man Carrying Glider." Working paper, December 29, 1961.
  35. ↑ Montgomery, John (1910). "Our Tutors in the Art of Flying". Aeronautics (London). published posthumously: 99–100.
  36. ↑ Kavanagh, Dennis K. (1905). The Aeroplane. Santa Clara, California: The Aeroplane Advertising Company.
  37. ↑ Montgomery, James P., direct testimony in response to Q. 16, Jan. 13, 1919, Regina C. Montgomery et al. v. the United States - Equity No. 33852.
  38. ↑ Montgomery, Richard J. Direct Testimony in Court (Equity No. 33852) on January 13, 1919.
  39. ↑ "Montgomery Hits Wright's Patent: California College Professor Claims He Invented Warped Wings Back in 1885," New York World, April 24, 1910.
  40. ↑ United States. n.d. Court of Claims of the United States. No. 33852. Regina Cleary Montgomery, heir, and Richard J. Montgomery, Mary C. Montgomery, Margaret H. Montgomery, and Jane E. Montgomery, assignees of Ellen Montgomery heir of John J. Montgomery, deceased, v. the United States.” Testimony provided in direct and cross examination by Charles T. Couts, Charles Burroughs, James P. Montgomery, Richard J. Montgomery, Mary F. McCarthy, January 1919.”
  41. 1 2 Chanute, Octave. (1893) Progress in Flying Machines, The American Engineer and Railroad Journal, Dec 1893.
  42. ↑ Montgomery, John J. (1894) “Discussion of the Various Papers on Soaring Flight,” Proceedings of the Conference on Aerial Navigation (M.N. Forney, ed.), Chicago, IL, Aug. 1-4, 1893, Published by the American Engineer and Railroad Journal, pp. 247-249.
  43. ↑ Montgomery, John J. (1894) “Discussion of the Various Papers on Soaring Flight,” Aeronautics Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 127-128, July.
  44. ↑ "Forgotten Aviation Pioneer: California's Own John J. Montgomery". militarymuseum.org. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  45. ↑ Zahm Albert F., “Catholic Contributions in the Field of Aeronautics” in Benson, William Shepherd, James J. Walsh, Edward J. Hanna, and Constantine E. McGuire. 1923. Catholic Builders of the Nation: A Symposium on the Catholic Contribution to the Civilization of the United States. Boston: Continental Press.”
  46. ↑ “A Home School – What is Taught at Mt. St. Joseph’s College,” The Daily Standard, Eureka, CA, December 31, 1894.
  47. ↑ "John J. Montgomery Manuscript "Soaring Flight"". Flickr. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  48. ↑ Chanute, Octave (July 17, 1895). "Montgomery publication" (Letter). Letter to Matthias Forney.
  49. ↑ Chanute, Octave (July 15, 1895). "Montgomery publication" (Letter). Letter to John Montgomery.
  50. ↑ Chanute, Octave (March 17, 1895). "Ground effect" (Letter). Letter to August Herring.
  51. ↑ "Local scientists invent a new system of wireless telegraphy," San Francisco Call, March 6, 1904.
  52. ↑ "Montgomery Seeks to Restrain Baldwin and Seeks Damages". San Jose Evening News. San Francisco, CA. April 7, 1905.
  53. ↑ "Airship Inventor Visits San Jose: Captain Baldwin, Builder of the California Arrow, Talks of His Plans and Future of Aerial Navigation". San Jose Daily Mercury. San Jose, CA. December 5, 1904.
  54. ↑ Baldwin, Thomas. New York World Magazine, November 27, 1904
  55. 1 2 "Father Bell and Captain Baldwin: Priest-Scientist of Santa Clara College Gives Credit for Success of Aerial Experiments to Professor Montgomery". San Jose Daily Mercury. San Jose, CA. December 6, 1904.
  56. ↑ "Aeronauts Row Over Airship". San Francisco Call. San Francisco, CA. April 8, 1905.
  57. ↑ "Careful Research of Several Years Assured Success". San Francisco Bulletin. San Francisco, CA. March 26, 1905.
  58. ↑ "Inventor of New Airship Has Trouble with Baldwin". San Jose Mercury. San Francisco, CA. April 7, 1905.
  59. ↑ J. Mayne Baltimore, "The New Baldwin Airship," Scientific American 91, no. 9 (August 27, 1904): 147.
  60. ↑ Glenn H. Curtiss and Augustus Post, The Curtiss Aviation Book (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1912), 30.
  61. ↑ "Did Baldwin Have Ideas for Airship?". San Jose Mercury News. San Jose, CA. December 27, 1904.
  62. ↑ Scamehorn, Howard Lee (1905). "Thomas Scott Baldwin: The Columbus of the Air". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 49 (2): 163–189.
  63. ↑ Knabenshue, A. R., "My Flights in the ‘Arrow’", The Independent, Nov. 10, 1904, vol LVII, pp 1127-1130.
  64. ↑ Dewey, Elbert E. (1905). "An Airship's Success". The Technical World. 1 (September): 476–484.
  65. ↑ John J. Montgomery, letter to Octave Chanute, April 11, 1905 in Arthur Spearman, S J, John Joseph Montgomery Father of Basic Flying, Univ. of Santa Clara, 1967 pp. 92-94
  66. ↑ Bell, Richard H. (1905). "The Success of March 18th". The Redwood. 4 (5): 24–25.
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  68. ↑ DeMeriel, P. (1905). "Un aeroplane a 1200 meters". La Nature (November 25): 412.
  69. ↑ Hermann Moedebeck, Fliegende Menschen! Das Ringen um die Beherrschung der Luft mittels Flugmaschinen (Berlin: O. Salle, 1905)
  70. ↑ "Notizen". Wiener Luftschiffer-Zeitung. 4 (8): 169–170. 1905.
  71. ↑ "The Montgomery Aeroplane". Automotor Journal. 10: 1079. 1905.
  72. ↑ A. Jeyasmet, “Máquina Veladora” El Heraldo de Madrid, March 31, 1905, MO XVI.—NUM. 5.242
  73. ↑ Coupin, Henri (1905). "Un descende de 1200 metres en aeroplane". Le Magasin Pittoresque (March): 139–140.
  74. ↑ "The Montgomery Aeroplane". Scientific American (May 20): 404. 1905.
  75. ↑ "Most Daring Test of Flying Machine Ever Made". Popular Mechanics. 7 (6): 703–707. 1905.
  76. ↑ "The Montgomery Aeroplane". Popular Mechanics. 7 (7): 703–707. 1905.
  77. ↑ Maxim, Hudson and William Joseph Hammer. 1910. Chronology of Aviation. Westfield, N.J.: H. Francis, printer., p. 8.
  78. ↑ Octave Chanute, “Montgomery’s Experiments”, in Herman Modebeck’s Pocket Book of Aeronautics
  79. ↑ Hayward, Charles B. (ed.) Practical Aeronautics, American School of Correspondence, Chicago, 1912.
  80. ↑ Klemin, Alexander. “Gliding,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 1943.
  81. ↑ Albert F. Zahm, “The Growth of Passive Flyers in Aviation” Scientific American Reference Book, Munn & Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1912. p. 441.
  82. ↑ Davy, M.J.B. (1929). Aeronautics – Handbook of Collection Illustrating Heavier-Than-Air Craft. London, England: Science Museum.
  83. ↑ Laurence, Pritchard (1926). The Book of The Aeroplane. London, England: Longmans and Green and Co.
  84. ↑ "Cornell University". The Cornell Engineer. Cornell Engineer Inc.: 9 1935.
  85. ↑ Johnson, Kenneth M. (1961) Aerial California: An Account of Early Flight in Northern and Southern California, 1849 to World War I, Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles, California.
  86. ↑ Copy of membership card can be found in the John J. Montgomery Papers 1885-1947, The Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  87. ↑ "Montgomery Hits Wright's Patent: California College Professor Claims He Invented Warped Wings Back in 1885," New York World, April 24, 1910.
  88. ↑ John J. Montgomery Papers 1885-1947, The Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  89. ↑ "Club News". Aircraft (July): 159. 1911.
  90. ↑ Gibson, Ada (1910). "Club News". Aircraft (July): 191.
  91. ↑ "Club News". Aeronautics. 8 (3): 110. 1911.
  92. ↑ Neil Doyle (24 September 1946). "'Gallant Journey' (1946)". IMDb. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  93. ↑ Dwiggins, Don (1967)Hollywood Pilot: The Biography of Paul Mantz, Doubleday and Co., Inc., Garden City, NY
  94. ↑
  95. ↑
  96. ↑ "Retakes of Flying History". Popular Science (August). 1946.
  97. ↑ #711: Montgomery Memorial, Otay Mesa(32.577449 -117.052631)
  98. ↑ Wilson, Bob (1994). "Starting the Montgomery Monument". San Diego Aerospace Museum Newsletter (Spring).
  99. 1 2 "First Glider Tower Takes Initial Flight," San Diego Union May 21, 1950.
  100. ↑ "Montgomery-Waller Recreation Center - City of San Diego Official Website". sandiego.gov. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  101. ↑ "Modern San Diego Dot Com". modernsandiego.com. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  102. ↑ #813: Montgomery Hill, San Jose)(37.302289 -121.758084)
  103. ↑ Pizarro: Evergreen artwork honors valley's pioneer of flight - San Jose Mercury News at www.mercurynews.com
  104. ↑ City and County of San Francisco, Board of Supervisors, Municipal Record 12, no. 1 (1919), pg 394
  105. ↑ http://sq36.cawgcap.gov/
  106. ↑ "Home". eaachapter.org. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  107. ↑ John J. Montgomery Elementary School, Chula Vista, California
  108. ↑ "Evergreen School District: Search Results". eesd.org. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  109. ↑ Montgomery Middle School, San Diego, California
  110. ↑ "Montgomery High School, San Diego, California". suhsd.k12.ca.us. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  111. ↑ "Montgomery Middle School, San Diego, California". suhsd.k12.ca.us. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  112. ↑ "Page Not Found". soaringmuseum.org. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  113. ↑ "California Aviation Hall of Fame Inductees". Museum of Flying. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  114. ↑ "Santa Clara University School of Engineering - Campus Changes". scu.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  115. ↑ "Tribute to 'Father of Flying' Planned by Bay Region," San Francisco Chronicle March 11, 1934.
  116. ↑ "John J Montgomery Obelisk - Santa Clara, CA - Obelisks on Waymarking.com". waymarking.com. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  117. ↑ Rhodes, W.T. (1951). "Montgomery Freeway Will Relieve Traffic in South San Diego". California Highways. Jan.-Feb.: 34–35.
  118. ↑ "US 101 Photo Gallery". gbcnet.com. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  119. ↑ http://www.scu.edu/engineering/upload/Montgomery-ASME-Landmark.pdf
  120. ↑ "First High Altitude Aeroplane Flights March 1905 - Aptos, CA - E Clampus Vitus Historical Markers on Waymarking.com". waymarking.com. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  121. ↑ http://www.hiller.org/files/i/Montgomery.jpg
  122. ↑ Museum, San Diego Air & Space. "San Diego Air & Space Museum - Historical Balboa Park, San Diego". sandiegoairandspace.org. Retrieved 28 July 2016.

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