Kalanemi (Ramayana)

This article is about the demon from Ramayana. For the demon related to past births of Kamsa, see Kalanemi.
1891 painting by Sarathi Madala Patnaik in Adhyatma Ramayana depicting Hanuman and Kalanemi.

Kalanemi is a rakshasa (demon) mentioned in various adaptations of the Hindu epic Ramayana. He is the uncle of Ravana, the epic's main antagonist and was tasked to kill Hanuman. Although not part of Valmiki Ramyana, his encounter with Hanuman has been described in several versions with variations in details but all concluding in his defeat and killing.

Legend

In various adaptations of the Hindu epic Ramayana, Kalanemi is Ravana's uncle and one of his ministers. He helped Ravana in his war against Rama. When Lakshmana, Rama's younger brother was unconscious in the war and Hanuman was asked to fetch Sanjeevani, the magical medicinal herb to revive Lakshmana back; Ravana tasked Kalanemi to stop Hanuman.[1] Ravana had promised him half his kingdom if he killed Hanuman.[2] Hanuman flies to Himalaya to fetch the herb from the Dronagiri mountain (also said to be the Gandhamadana mountain.[2]) Kalanemi disguised himself as a sage and erected a magical hermitage near a lake to lure Hanuman. He invited him to be his guest to take rest and refresh with a bath in the lake and also lured him by saying that he would initiate him to be able to distinguish the right herb. But Hanuman refused to take any refreshment but was only interested to take bath in the lake.[2][3] Kalanemi then introduced a crocodile in the lake to kill Hanuman.[3] Hanuman killed the crocodile which then turned into an apsara, who was earlier cursed to be a crocodile by sage Daksha to be redeemed by Hanuman.[2] She informed Hanuman of Kalanemi's evil plan to delay his reach to Lakshmana, who would eventually die if the herb did not reach before the sunrise. Hanuman then returned to Kalanemi and tied him and set back on his task.[4] In another version it is said that Hanuman accosted Kalanemi en-route when he was on his way to Lanka to claim half the kingdom which had been promised by Ravana. Kalanemi had assumed that the crocodile had killed Hanuman. Hanuman told Kalanemi that he was aware of his true form. He then grabbed Kalanemi's feet, swung him around, and threw him across to Lanka where he fell before Ravana and his ministers.[2]

Adaptations and commentary

Kalanemi's story is not narrated in the original Ramayana but has been covered in its adaptation, the Adhyatma Ramayana.[5] In Adhyatma Ramayana, Kalanemi was also appraised by Narada of the divine status of Rama; the former in turn informed Ravana and requested him to befriend Rama.[6] It is also narrated in various versions in western India and Bengali adaptations. Majority of medieval narrations include this story like the Telugu-language Ranganatha Ramayana and Tulsidas's Ramcharitmanas. Various versions change in setup of how Kalanemi stalled Hanuman. One version suggests that Kalanemi started narrating Rama's stories which Hanuman could not resist. But he could not drag it much for being unaware of facts and that exposed him. When Hanuman combats Kalanemi, Kalanemi kept changing his forms to confuse and create complication. A horned and fanged male figure sometimes shown below Hanuman's foot in idols and images is believed to be Kalanemi or Ahiravana.[7]

On the aspect of the misjudgment made by Kalanemi that Hanuman was dead and then proceeding to seek claim to half the kingdom of Lanka, James Talboys Wheeler, "bureaucrat-historian", noted that "Kalnemi is a Hindu "Alnaschar". He counts upon the pleasure he shall enjoy when taking half the Raj, without considering that Hanuman may be still alive. To this day when a Hindu thinks of future profit without being sure that he will get it, he is often compared with Kalanemi."[8]

References

  1. ↑ Lutgendorf 2007, p. xcii–xciv.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Garrett 1871, pp. 301–02.
  3. 1 2 Lutgendorf 2007, pp. ccv–ccviii.
  4. ↑ Lutgendorf 2007, pp. ccix, cdxx.
  5. ↑ T. Gopala Krishna Rao (1984). Folk Ramayanas in Telugu and Kannada. Saroja Publications. p. 102.
  6. ↑ Kam 2000, p. 1.
  7. ↑ Lutgendorf 2007, p. ccvi.
  8. ↑ Garrett 1871, p. 302.

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.