Ken Blackwell

Ken Blackwell
Secretary of State of Ohio
In office
January 8, 1999 – January 8, 2007
Governor Nancy Hollister
Bob Taft
Preceded by Bob Taft
Succeeded by Jennifer Brunner
Treasurer of Ohio
In office
March 1, 1994 – January 8, 1999
Governor George Voinovich
Nancy Hollister
Preceded by Mary Ellen Withrow
Succeeded by Joe Deters
Mayor of Cincinnati
In office
1979–1980
Preceded by Bobbie Sterne
Succeeded by David Mann
Personal details
Born John Kenneth Blackwell
(1948-02-28) February 28, 1948
Alliance, Ohio, U.S.
Political party Republican
Alma mater Xavier University (BS, MEd)

John Kenneth "Ken" Blackwell (born February 28, 1948) is an American politician and activist who served as the mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio (1979-80), the Ohio State Treasurer (1994-99), and Ohio Secretary of State (1999-2007). He was the Republican candidate for governor of Ohio in 2006 and got 37% of the vote against the eventual victor, Ted Strickland. He was the first African American to be a major-party candidate for governor of Ohio. He is a Senior Fellow for Family Empowerment[1] with The Family Research Council.

Early years

Blackwell was born in Alliance, Ohio, the son of Dana, a part-time nurse, and George Blackwell, a meatpacker. He has two brothers, Carl and Charles. He married his wife Rosa in 1969 while he was in college. They have three children, Kimberly, Rahshann (a Denver resident and Ohio Northern Law School graduate) and Kristin.

Blackwell attended Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio on a football scholarship. Blackwell received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from Xavier in 1970 and his Master of Education degree, also from Xavier, in 1971. He taught at Xavier from 1974 to 1991 and has served as a trustee of Wilberforce University and Wilmington College. After college, he was invited to the Dallas Cowboys' training camp; he gave up football when he was told he would have to convert from linebacker to offensive lineman.[2]

Political career

From 1979 to 1980, Blackwell served as Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. Earlier, he had been a member of the Cincinnati city council.

One of the first orders of business of Blackwell's administration as mayor of Cincinnati was the establishment of a crowd control task force stemming from the deaths of 11 concert fans at a concert by the British rock group The Who at Riverfront Coliseum on December 3, 1979.

Blackwell was a member of the Charter Party, Cincinnati's third party, which is generally supported by left-leaning voters. However, when he began to consider statewide and national offices, he became a Republican.

Blackwell served in the administration of President George H. W. Bush as undersecretary in the Department of Housing and Urban Development from 1989 to 1990. He returned to Cincinnati to run for the first district seat in the United States House of Representatives being vacated by Tom Luken. Blackwell lost to Luken's son, Charlie Luken, by a narrow 51% to 49% margin. Following his close defeat, President Bush appointed Blackwell ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Blackwell served in that post from 1992 to 1993.

Blackwell was appointed Ohio State Treasurer by then-Gov. George Voinovich in 1994 to complete the term of Mary Ellen Withrow, who was appointed U.S. treasurer by President Bill Clinton. Blackwell was elected treasurer in 1994 and was elected Ohio Secretary of State in 1998. That year, Blackwell considered a run for governor, but Ohio Republican Party chairman Robert T. Bennett persuaded Blackwell to run for secretary of state instead, leaving the governorship open to Bob Taft. Blackwell was national chairman of longtime friend Steve Forbes' presidential campaign in 2000.[3] Blackwell was re-elected secretary of state in 2002.

Blackwell, a strict fiscal and social conservative, has become a vocal critic of the moderate wing of the Ohio Republican Party, including Taft, for adopting tax increases in the face of budget shortfalls in recent years. He has also demanded the resignation of Ohio House of Representatives Speaker Larry Householder, a Republican, whose staff became embroiled in fund-raising scandals.

He was also the most prominent Republican to support adding an amendment to the state constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage. The state's Republican U.S. Senator George Voinovich and then-Senator Mike DeWine opposed the amendment's broad language, fearing it could bar not only same-sex marriage but also civil unions, domestic partnerships, and possibly wills and any legal contracts for homosexuals. Taft later also came out against the amendment, expressing his concern that its ambiguous language would have unintended consequences and leave the state open to a number of lawsuits. During the campaign Blackwell lobbied hard for this measure and was widely credited with attracting many conservative evangelical African Americans to the polls to vote for the measure and for Bush's re-election. The amendment passed with the approval of 62% of the voters.

Ohio Secretary of State

Involvement in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election

As Secretary of State of a hotly contested swing state, Blackwell played a prominent role in the 2004 national election. As Secretary of State, Blackwell held the position of Chief Elections Officer, overseeing Ohio's elections process. In Congressional testimony, Blackwell stated that every Republican holder of statewide office in Ohio was named an honorary "co-chair" of the Bush campaign, that the position carried no responsibilities, and that previous Ohio Secretaries of State from both parties had held similar honorary positions.[4]

Blackwell also announced he would enforce an Ohio State election law decreeing that any person who appeared at a polling place to vote but whose registration could not be confirmed would be given only a provisional ballot; if it were later determined that the person had attempted to vote in the wrong precinct, then their provisional ballot would not be counted. He also directed poll workers to refuse to distribute provisional ballots unless they were satisfied as to the voter's residence. The Democratic party promptly filed a lawsuit claiming that the policy was "intended to disenfranchise minority voters" and in violation of federal election law, specifically section 302 of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA).[5]

On October 21, 2004, U.S. District Court Judge James G. Carr issued an order rejecting Blackwell's policy.[6] Blackwell said that he would go to jail rather than comply.

Blackwell appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. On October 26, 2004, the Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed in part and reversed in part. The court agreed with the plaintiffs and the District Court that Blackwell's directive violated HAVA to the extent that it empowered poll workers to withhold a provisional ballot based on their "on-the-spot determination at the polling place." The court also ruled, however, that if a subsequent review concluded that the voter was not entitled to vote in that precinct, then the provisional ballot would not be counted. (pdf) (pdf) In accordance with the Court of Appeals ruling, provisional ballots cast in the wrong precincts were not counted in Ohio's 2004 elections.

Democratic members of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary asked Blackwell to explain irregularities in the Ohio election in two letters, (pdf) (pdf) and requested his presence at a Public Congressional Hearing. (pdf) He did not attend the hearing, but responded to the first letter, refusing to comply with their requests for explanation, noting that he was already responding to requests from the Government Accountability Office and the Department of Justice. (pdf)

On December 27, 2004, Blackwell requested a court order to protect him from being interviewed in the Moss v. Bush case, a challenge of the presidential vote, and fought a subpoena, arguing that the litigation was frivolous.[7]

List of legal suits and rulings

As Ohio Secretary of State, Blackwell has been a party to many election-related lawsuits.[8] Some of these include:

Release of Ohio Social Security numbers

On March 1, 2006, Blackwell's office accidentally published a list of 1.2 million Social Security numbers of Ohio citizens on a website along with their business filings. A Federal class-action lawsuit was filed by Darrell Estep who claimed that the release of the data had caused his Social Security number to appear three times on the website.[22] The lawsuit was settled on March 28, 2006, after the numbers were removed from the website, a registration process was enacted to view the data and Blackwell's office agreed to make monthly progress reports to the court.[23] The data was part of a centralized voter database, required by Federal law. At that time, Blackwell promised to only retain the last four digits of the Social Security number in the database to prevent future problems.[24]

However, on April 26, 2006, Blackwell's office disclosed Ohio Social Security numbers again, mailing out computer disks containing the names, addresses, and the Social Security numbers of 5.7 million registered voters in Ohio (80% of all registered voters in the state).[25] The list was released as a standard practice under the Freedom of Information Act and Help America Vote Act. Blackwell's office apologized, indicating that the release of the Social Security numbers was accidental and attempted to recall all 20 of the disks. At least one recipient of the disks has refused to comply.

Jim Petro, then Republican Attorney General of Ohio, has launched an investigation into the disclosure, citing a legal requirement to "investigate any state entity where there may be a risk of a loss of private data." Blackwell stated that he considered the issue to be closed, but Petro disagreed, saying that he will use "maximum due diligence" to ensure that the data was not copied before it was returned. Ohio law requires that individuals be notified if their Social Security numbers are compromised.[26][27]

Diebold controversies

Ohio State Senator Jeff Jacobson asked Blackwell in July 2003 to disqualify Diebold Election Systems' bid to supply voting machines for the state, after security problems were discovered in its software,[28] but was refused. Blackwell had ordered Diebold touch screen voting machines, reversing an earlier decision by the state to purchase only optical scan voting machines which, unlike the touch screen devices, would leave a "paper trail" for recount purposes.

On April 4, 2006, the Columbus Dispatch reported that Blackwell "owned stock [83 shares, down from 178 shares purchased in January 2005] in Diebold, a voting-machine [and ATM] manufacturer, at the same time his office negotiated a deal" with the company. After discovering the stock ownership, Blackwell promptly sold the shares at a loss.[29] He attributed the purchase to an unidentified financial manager at Credit Suisse First Boston who he said had, without his knowledge, violated his instructions to avoid potential conflict of interest.[30]

When Cuyahoga County's primary was held on May 2, 2006, officials ordered the hand-counting of more than 18,000 paper ballots after Diebold's new optical scan machines produced inconsistent tabulations, leaving several local races in limbo for days and eventually resulting in a reversal of the outcome of one race for state representative. Blackwell ordered an investigation by the Cuyahoga County Board of Elections; Ohio Democrats demanded that Blackwell, due to his prior role in acquiring the Diebold equipment as well as his status as the Republican gubernatorial candidate in this election, recuse himself from the investigation due to conflicts of interest, but Blackwell did not do so.[31]

2006 Ohio gubernatorial campaign

Campaign and national significance

Blackwell was the Republican candidate for Governor of Ohio in 2006. He beat state Attorney General Jim Petro in the 2006 Republican primary. (The then current governor, Republican Bob Taft, could not run because of term limits.) Blackwell's opponents in the general election were Democratic Congressman Ted Strickland, Libertarian professor emeritus Bill Peirce and Green Bob Fitrakis. Blackwell chose Ohio State Representative Tom Raga to be his running mate. Blackwell was the first African-American to be nominated as a candidate for the Ohio governorship by either major political party.

There had been increased national attention on the ability of the Republican party to maintain control in Ohio. On a national level, The New York Times went so far as to suggest that the results of the election would be a "bellwether" for the 2008 US presidential election.[32]

Blackwell faced an uphill battle; according to a broad survey reported by The Plain Dealer on April 30, 2006, Ohio voters would "prefer to see a Democrat occupy the governor's mansion."[33][34] Still, he had his supporters. John Stemberger, president and general counsel for the Florida Family Policy Council, was quoted as saying that Blackwell could "potentially be president of the United States someday, and the first black president at that."[35] Blackwell's campaign relied heavily on accusations that Ted Strickland was not a resident of Ohio, and later that Ted Strickland was gay.[36] Both of these accusations played heavily in campaign literature that failed to resonate with Ohio voters. Due to his poor management of this campaign, Blackwell's ability to compete on a national stage was called into question.

On November 7, 2006 Ted Strickland was elected Governor, defeating Blackwell by a 24% margin.[37]

Conservative platform

Blackwell has taken some very conservative positions. In 2005, he supported keeping Terri Schiavo on life support indefinitely, saying, "I really do think that life is sacred, no matter how painful." When asked on Hardball with Chris Matthews if he would keep her on life support for 30 years, Blackwell said he would.

In his 2002 campaign for re-election to the post of Secretary of State, Blackwell took the position that he would favor abortions in the case where the life of the mother was at stake. He has since taken a more conservative position of opposing abortions even in the case where the mother's life is at risk.[38]

May 2 primary

Blackwell won the Republican Primary on May 2, 2006 against Ohio Attorney General Jim Petro with 56% of the vote.[39] Blackwell's strongest support came from his home town of Cincinnati and much of rural Ohio.[40] The run up to the primaries was dominated by strongly critical television ads that Blackwell and his opponent Jim Petro ran against one another.[41]

Blackwell was criticized by Petro, for declining to engage in three planned debates which had been organized by the Dayton Daily News and the City Club of Cleveland. The debate at the City Club of Cleveland occurred on April 25, 2006, despite Blackwell's absence. The event was originally scheduled to be broadcast on public television around Ohio. According to The Columbus Dispatch, "Blackwell said he has 'shared plenty of forums' with Petro and that he wants to focus on talking to Republicans in the final days of the campaign."[42]

On April 29, the Hamilton County Democrats publicly demanded that Blackwell pull radio ads which urged unregistered Democrats to ask for Republican primary ballots on May 2, 2006 (rather than the issues-only ballot that unregistered voters normally get), and thereby become registered Republicans. The Democrats argued that the ads are using "illegal and unethical political tactics."[43]

Campaign finance

During the primary, Blackwell led the Republican candidates in his ability to raise significant amounts of money for his campaign. He raised $1.09 million between January 31, 2006, and April 12, 2006, from approximately 12,000 individuals and businesses. This was nearly $800,000 more than his main competition, Jim Petro, but less than the $1.1 million raised by his main Democratic competition, Ted Strickland.[44][45] Blackwell, along with 14 other candidates, (including Petro and Strickland) were accused by the Ohio Citizen Action group of failing to meet Ohio's campaign contribution law which requires best efforts to disclose the names, addresses, employment status, employer, and place of employment of individuals who donate $100 or more to a political campaign. Blackwell, Petro, and Strickland all received a "B letter grade" from the group for their levels of disclosure.[46]

On April 16, 2006, the Toledo Blade reported that Blackwell had accepted more than $1 million in campaign contributions from "employees of firms seeking business with the statewide offices he's held over the past 12 years." Furthermore, the same organizations donated $1.34 million to the Ohio Republican Party, $1.29 million of which was forwarded directly to Blackwell's campaign fund. Several of the firms which have been awarded contracts from Blackwell's office have also been hired on to his gubernatorial campaign. The investigators argue that the suggestion of quid pro quo based on the actions of contributors raise an issue of a serious conflict of interest. Petro has responded by demanding that a law which bans political contributors from being awarded state contracts. Blackwell has stated that no illegal activity took place. In response to Petro's call for reform, Blackwell stated: "If you are asking me ... 'Am I advocating for campaign spending limits?' No. Never have. Never will."[47]

After winning their respective primaries, both Blackwell and his Democratic opponent were able to raise record sums, in part because of the national attention paid to the race. As of September 9, 2006, Strickland led Blackwell, $11.2 million to $10 million.[48]

Support from religious groups

Blackwell had been well supported by many religious leaders in Ohio both politically and financially; according to campaign filings, Blackwell has received $25,031 from clergy and more than 27 times as much as Strickland.[49]

However, on January 16, 2006, a group of 31 pastors, led by Rev. Eric Williams, pastor of North Congregational Church (United Church of Christ) in Columbus, Ohio wrote a 13-page letter to the IRS alleging that Blackwell has enjoyed "special treatment" by two Ohio "mega-churches," World Harvest Church and Fairfield Christian Church. In the letter, the pastors accused the two organizations of sponsoring at least nine events with Blackwell as the sole invited politician, "partisan voter-registration drives," and distribution of biased voting guides. Rev. Russell Johnson, pastor of the Fairfield Christian Church in Lancaster, Ohio defended his actions by saying that the event in question was not a "meet the candidate forum," but rather he was giving Blackwell "an award for courageous leadership."[50] Blackwell later called the group of 31 pastors "bullies."[42]

On April 19, 2006, e-mails sent on behalf of the Blackwell campaign by Johnson on Easter Sunday, April 16, 2006, came to light in The Columbus Dispatch.[51] Both the Blackwell campaign and Russell Johnson, on behalf of Fairfield Christian Church, denied all wrongdoing. The e-mails in question subsequently emerged on various online media outlets, clearly showing that the e-mails had been sent from within Johnson's church office on the evening of Easter Sunday to Church personnel and employees of the church-owned Fairfield Christian Academy.[52]

On May 7, 2006, the members of the Lord of Life Lutheran church in Columbus, Ohio, publicly complained that Blackwell's campaign workers placed fliers on the windshields of those attending the church service on April 30, two days before the May 2 primary. The church pastor, Rev. Jim Wilson, stated "the tactic was offensive and suggested the church was endorsing Blackwell." Wilson said that he had tried to contact the Blackwell campaign in response to the incident but did not get a "satisfactory response." When questioned, Blackwell's campaign said the practice was "standard... for Republicans and Democrats."[42]>

On May 14, 2007, Blackwell was appointed a senior fellow at the well-known conservative religious, political group Family Research Council.[53]

As the organizations are 501(c)(3) tax-exempt, not-for-profit organizations, they are explicitly barred from campaigning for, endorsing candidates or "becoming involved in any activity which is beneficial or harmful to any candidate."[50][54] Johnson and Rev. Rod Parsley, pastor of World Harvest church have argued that the investigation is politically motivated and violates their constitutional right to free speech. Mark Everson, commissioner of the IRS responded "you don't have an automatic or constitutional right to a tax exemption, and that's where the line has been drawn."[50]

Support from pro-gun organizations

Blackwell has earned an "A" rating from the National Rifle Association’s (NRA) Political Victory Fund. He is a member of the NRA's Board of Directors.[55] Blackwell is also endorsed by the Ohio Gun Collectors Association, Ohioans for Concealed Carry and Gun Owners of America.

I unequivocally support the Second Amendment right of every law-abiding Ohioan to keep and own firearms for hunting, personal protection and any other lawful purpose," said Blackwell. "I am proud to receive the NRA’s highest rating and will be an unflinching advocate for gun owners as governor.

RNC Chairman Election

Blackwell announced his intentions to run in the 2009 RNC Chairmanship Election, but withdrew after the 4th round of voting. He won early endorsement from the state chairmen in Louisiana (Roger F. Villere, Jr.), Texas (Tina Benkiser), and Oklahoma (Gary Jones).

RNC Chairman Vote Source: CQPolitics,[56] and Poll Pundit[57]

Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6
Michael Steele 46 48 51 60 79 91
Katon Dawson 28 29 34 62 69 77
Saul Anuzis 22 24 24 31 20 Withdrew
Ken Blackwell 20 19 15 15 Withdrew
Mike Duncan 52 48 44 Withdrew
     Candidate won that Round of voting
     Candidate withdrew
    Candidate won RNC Chairmanship

Association with Family Research Council (FRC)

Family Research Council identifies Blackwell as a Senior Fellow for Family Empowerment.[1] According to the organization's 2010 form 990 filing with the Internal Revenue Service, Blackwell was paid $162,000 as an independent contractor.

National Federation of Republican Assemblies (NFRA)

In October 2011, the National Federation of Republican Assemblies elected Blackwell their Executive Vice President at their Des Moines, Iowa Presidential Preference Convention. Blackwell was re-elected in September 2013.

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Ken Blackwell, Senior Fellow for Family Empowerment". Frc.org. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  2. ↑ Malanga, Steven (Winter 2006). "Ronald Reagan's Unlikely Heir". City. Manhattan Institute.
  3. ↑ Gizzi, John (January 28, 2005). "Conservative Star, Ken Blackwell, Is on the Rise in Ohio". HumanEvents.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  4. ↑ Blackwell, Ken (2005-03-21). "Testimony By J. Kenneth Blackwell". Committee on House Administration. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  5. ↑ "Ohio provisional ballot ruling reversed". USA Today. October 23, 2004. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Defiant Blackwell rips judge". Enquirer.com. 2004-10-22. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  7. ↑ Welsh-Huggins, Andrew (December 28, 2004). "The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Ohio voting official fights subpoena". The Seattle Times.
  8. ↑ "FindLaw News: Election Law Coverage 2004: Lawsuits". News.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  9. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Lucas County Democratic Party et al. v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  10. ↑ Blade Columbus Bureau. "Court affirms Blackwell owes $65,000 in legal fees". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  11. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Sandusky County Democratic Party v. J. Kenneth Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  12. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz (Litigation: League of Women Voters v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  13. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Miller et al v. Blackwell et al)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  14. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Spencer v. Blackwell, et al)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  15. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Summit County Democratic Central and Executive Committee, et al v. Blackwell, et al)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  16. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. et al v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  17. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (State of Ohio Ex Rel. Matthew Wolf, et al. v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  18. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Sarah White v. J. Kenneth Blackwell and the Board of Elections of Lucas County, Ohio)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  19. ↑ "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Nader et al v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  20. 1 2 "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Schering v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  21. 1 2 "Election Law @ Moritz – Litigation (Anita Rios v. Blackwell)". Moritzlaw.osu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  22. ↑ Archived August 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ The Enquirer – This article is no longer available
  24. ↑ The Enquirer – This article is no longer available
  25. ↑ Todd R. Weiss (2006-04-28). "Ohio recalls voter registration CDs; Social Security numbers included". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  26. ↑ "Central Ohio News, Sports, Arts & Classifieds". The Columbus Dispatch. 1980-10-27. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  27. ↑ Northeast Ohio (2011-11-01). "Northeast Ohio". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  28. ↑ US-CERT Cyber Security Bulletin SB04-252 Summary of Security Items from September 1 through September 7, 2004
  29. ↑ Niquette, Mark (April 4, 2006). "Blackwell reports shares in Diebold". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  30. ↑ Associated Press (April 4, 2006). "Improper stock buy reported". The Vindicator. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  31. ↑ Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ "In the Race for Ohio Governor, All Sides Agree on a Need for Change". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  33. ↑ Northeast Ohio (2011-11-01). "Northeast Ohio". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  34. ↑ Urbina, Ian (April 21, 2006). "In the Race for Ohio Governor, All Sides Agree on a Need for Change". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  35. ↑
  36. ↑ Tankersleyblade, Jim (2006-07-23). "Republican tactics in Ohio echo political ploys of '04". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  37. ↑
  38. ↑ Archived May 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ Archived August 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ Archived August 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ↑ Northeast Ohio (2011-11-01). "Northeast Ohio". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  42. 1 2 3 "Central Ohio News, Sports, Arts & Classifieds". The Columbus Dispatch. 1980-10-27. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  43. ↑ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2006-08-21. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  44. ↑
  45. ↑ "Gingrich Endorses Blackwell for Ohio Gov". Newsmax.com. 2006-04-04. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  46. ↑ Northeast Ohio (2011-11-01). "Northeast Ohio". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  47. ↑ "Blackwell defends campaign donations". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  48. ↑
  49. ↑
  50. 1 2 3 "IRS scrutinizing charities' political work". The Boston Globe. April 29, 2006.
  51. ↑ Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  53. ↑ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2007-05-13. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  54. ↑ Archived June 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ "These Are the People Who Really Run the NRA". Mother Jones.
  56. ↑ CQ Politics (January 30, 2009). "Republican Choose Michael Steele as Party Chairman".
  57. ↑ PollPundit.com (January 30, 2009). "RNC Chairman Vote: Live Coverage".

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