Kepler-20

Kepler-20
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Lyra
Right ascension 19h 10m 47.524s[1]
Declination +42° 20′ 19.30″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 12.51[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G8[3]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: –4.2[1] mas/yr
Dec.: –26.3[1] mas/yr
Distanceca. 950 ly
(290 ± 30[4] pc)
Details
Mass0.912±0.035[4] M☉
Radius0.944+0.06
−0.095[4] R☉
Temperature5466±93[4] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.02±0.04[4] dex
Age8.8+4.7
−2.7[4] Gyr
Other designations
KOI-070, KIC-6850504, 2MASS J19104752+4220194.[3]

Kepler-20 is a star 950 light-years from Earth[5] in the constellation Lyra with a system of five known planets.[6] The apparent magnitude of this star is 12.51, so it cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Viewing it requires a telescope with an aperture of 15 cm (6 in) or more.[7] It is slightly smaller than the Sun, with 94% of the Sun's radius and about 91% of the Sun's mass. The effective temperature of the photosphere is slightly cooler than that of the Sun at 5466 K, giving it the characteristic yellow hue of a stellar class G8 star.[8][9] The abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, is approximately the same as in the Sun. It may be older than the Sun, although the margin of error here is relatively large.[4]

Planetary system

Size comparison of Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f (artist's impressions) with Venus and Earth (actual photographs)

On December 20, 2011, the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of a five planet system containing three small gas giants and the first two Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e (the first known extrasolar planet smaller than Earth orbiting a main-sequence star)[10] and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star.[11] Although the planets are Earth-sized, they are not Earth-like in the respect that they are much closer to their star than Earth, and are hence not near the habitable zone,[5] with expected surface temperatures of 760 °C (1,400 °F) and 427 °C (801 °F), respectively. The three other Neptune-sized planets in the system, Kepler-20b, Kepler-20c, and Kepler-20d, all orbit similarly close to the star.[12][13] Kepler-20g is an non-transiting exoplanet orbiting Kepler-20.

The masses of e and f are expected masses. Their masses are uncertain as they are too small to detect via radial velocity with current technology.[14]

All planets are at small near resonances; proceeding outwards, they are 3:2, 4:2, 2:1, 4:1.

The Kepler-20 planetary system
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 9.7+1.41
−1.44[15] M⊕		 0.04537 +0.00054
−0.00060		 3.6961219 <0.32 — 1.91 R⊕
e 0.39–1.67 M⊕ 0.0630 6.098493 <0.28 — 0.868 R⊕
c 16.1 M⊕ 0.0930± 0.0011 10.854092 <0.40 — 3.07 R⊕
f 0.66–3.04 M⊕ 0.1370 19.57706 <0.32 — 1.034 R⊕
g 19.96+3.08
−3.61[16] M⊕		 0.2055 34.940 ≤ 0.16 — —
d <20.1 M⊕ 0.3453 +0.0041
−0.0046		 77.61184 <0.60 — 2.75 R⊕

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Zacharias, N.; et al. (June 2010), "The Third US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC3)", The Astronomical Journal, 139 (6): 2184–2199, arXiv:1003.2136Freely accessible, Bibcode:2010AJ....139.2184Z, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2184 See the online data VizieR results for 3UC 265-159969.
  2. ↑ Lasker, Barry M.; et al. (August 2008), "The Second-Generation Guide Star Catalog: Description and Properties", The Astronomical Journal, 136 (2): 735–766, arXiv:0807.2522Freely accessible, Bibcode:2008AJ....136..735L, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/735
  3. 1 2 "Kepler-20 -- Star", SIMBAD, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Schneider, Jean, "Star : Kepler-20", The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, CNRS/LUTH - Paris Observatory, retrieved 2011-12-21
  5. 1 2 Hand, Eric (20 December 2011). "Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2011.9688.
  6. ↑ Johnson, Michele (20 December 2011). "NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System". NASA. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
  7. ↑ Sherrod, P. Clay; Koed, Thomas L. (2003), A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations, Astronomy Series, Courier Dover Publications, p. 9, ISBN 0-486-42820-6
  8. ↑ "The Colour of Stars", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, retrieved 2012-01-16
  9. ↑ Fressin, Francois; Torres, Guillermo; Rowe, Jason F.; Charbonneau, David; Rogers, Leslie A.; Ballard, Sarah; Batalha, Natalie M.; Borucki, William J.; Bryson, Stephen T.; Buchhave, Lars A.; Ciardi, David R.; Désert, Jean-Michel; Dressing, Courtney D.; Fabrycky, Daniel C.; Ford, Eric B.; Gautier III, Thomas N.; Henze, Christopher E.; Holman, Matthew J.; Howard, Andrew; Howell, Steve B.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Koch, David G.; Latham, David W.; Lissauer, Jack J.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Ragozzine, Darin; Sasselov, Dimitar D.; Seager, Sara; Barclay, Thomas; Mullally, Fergal; Seader, Shawn E.; Still, Martin; Twicken, Joseph D.; Thompson, Susan E.; Uddin, Kamal (February 2012). "Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20". Nature. 482: 195–198. arXiv:1112.4550Freely accessible. Bibcode:2012Natur.482..195F. doi:10.1038/nature10780.
  10. ↑ NASA Staff. "Artist's Concept of Kepler-20e". NASA. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  11. ↑ http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=172
  12. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (20 December 2011). "Two Earth-Size Planets Are Discovered". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  13. ↑ Tate, Karl (20 December 2011). "At Last, Earth-Sized Alien Worlds (Infographic)". Space.com. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  14. ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.4550
  15. ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06836 A 1.9 Earth radius rocky planet and the discovery of a non-transiting planet in the Kepler-20 system
  16. ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06836 A 1.9 Earth radius rocky planet and the discovery of a non-transiting planet in the Kepler-20 system
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Coordinates: 19h 10m 47.5s, +42° 20′ 19.4″

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