Kokoshnik

The portrait of an unknown girl in the Russian costume by Ivan Argunov, 1784, showcasing a large kokoshnik head dress

The kokoshnik (Russian: коко́шник; IPA: [kɐˈkoʂnʲɪk]) is a traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan, primarily worn in the northern regions of Russia in the 16th to 19th centuries.

Historically a kokoshnik is a headdress worn by married women, though maidens wore a headdress very similar to a kokoshnik, but open in the back, named a povyazka.^[1] The word kokoshnik describes a great variety of headdresses worn throughout Russia, including the cylindrical hats of Veliky Novgorod, two-pointed nimbus kika of Vladimir, triangular kika of Kostroma, small pearl hats of Kargopol, and scarlet kokoshniks of Moscow.

While in the past kokoshnik styles varied greatly, currently a kokoshnik is generally associated with a tall, nimbus or crest shaped headdress which is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The crest can be embroidered with pearls and goldwork or simple applique, usually using plant and flower motifs. The forehead area is frequently decorated with pearl netting. While wearing a kokoshnik the woman usually wears her hair in a plait. It resembles the French hood worn in Tudor England, but without the black veil.

History

Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia (left) and Natalie Portman as the Star Wars character Padmé Amidala wearing the Travel Gown (right), inspired by Russian fashion.

The word kokoshnik first appears in 16th-century documents, and comes from the Old Slavic kokosh, which means a hen or a cockerel. However, the earliest head-dress pieces of the similar type (rigid cylindrical hat which completely covered the hair) have been found in the 10th- to 12th-century burials in Veliky Novgorod.^[2]

The kokoshnik gave its name to the decorative corbel arch that became a distinctive element of traditional Russian architecture from 16th century onwards (see kokoshnik in architecture).

During the revival of Russian national culture in the early 19th century, diadem-shaped tiaras became part of the official court dress for royalty and for ladies-in-waiting. These "kokoshniks" were inspired just as much by Italian Renaissance fashions and by the french hood as by the authentic Russian kokoshniks still worn by the middle class and wealthy peasants of the time. In this period both unmarried and married women wore the variety used traditionally by unmarried women: showing the front part of the hair, and with a translucent veil falling down the back.

Russian peasant girls and women wore kokoshniks on special occasions until the Russian Revolution.

After the Revolution Russian émigrés introduced the kokoshnik to the rest of European fashion.

As of 2014 kokoshniks are worn chiefly by girls and women in Russian folk ensembles. A kokoshnik is also a part of the traditional costume of Snegurochka, the granddaughter and assistant of Ded Moroz.

Queen Marie of Romania wore a Cartier tiara created to resemble the Russian kokoshnik for her 1924 portrait painted by Philip de László.^[3] The tiara was among the jewels on display in the “Cartier: Style and History” exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris from December 4 through February 16, 2014.^[4]

One of the costumes of Senator Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars saga, the Gold Travel Costume, was based on the Russian national costume with kokoshnik,^[5] known in the rest of Europe from the photographs taken during 1903 Ball in the Winter Palace.

Gallery

• 
  A young Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna in kokoshnik and sarafan, 1790s.
• 
  Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) in kokoshnik, 19th century.
• 
  A girl in kokoshnik by Mikhail Nesterov, 1885.
• 
  Boyaryshnya by Viktor Vasnetsov (the portrait of V. S. Mamontova), 1884.
• 
  Boyaryshnya with kokoshnik covered with veil. 19th-century painting by Konstantin Makovsky.
• 
  A woman wearing a large, rich, two-horned kokoshnik. 20th century. Photograph.
• 
  Princess Ollga K. Orlova in Masquerade Costume for the Ball of 1903. Photograph by Elena Mrozovskaya.

See also

• Ochipok
• Fontange

References

External links

• Media related to Kokoshnik at Wikimedia Commons
• Kokoshnik in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Russian)

Russian souvenirs, arts and crafts
	Handicrafts	Gorodets painting Gzhel Filimonovo toy Kholmogory bone carving Khokhloma Russian lacquer art Fedoskino miniature Kholuy miniature Mstyora miniature Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting
	Tableware	Table-glass Podstakannik Russian porcelain Dulyovo porcelain Samovar
	Clothing	Afghanka Budenovka Cherkeska French Gymnastyorka Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Kaftan Lapti Orenburg shawl Papakha Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Sailor cap Sarafan Spetsodezhda Telnyashka Ushanka Valenki
	Musical instruments	Balalaika Garmon Bayan Russian guitar Musical spoons Treshchotka
	Toys	Bird of Happiness Cheburashka Filimonovo toy Dymkovo toys Kargopol toys Matryoshka doll Petrushka
	Other	Izba Fabergé egg Shashka Tula gingerbread